People v. Cobbs CA4/1
- Proceeding
- appeal from an order
- Trial court
- Superior Court of Imperial County · No. JCF33689
- Trial judge
- Christopher J. Plourd
- Outcome
- affirmed — Affirmed.
- Area
- delinquency
- Panel
- Richard D. Huffman, Sr. (author), Judith D. McConnell, Patricia D. Benke
Analysis
The trial court denied Cobbs's petition to vacate his conviction for possession of marijuana in prison, ruling that Proposition 64 did not repeal Penal Code section 4573.6. The Court of Appeal affirmed the denial, adopting the reasoning of People v. Perry over People v. Raybon and holding that the statute remains valid.
| Ruling reviewed | Standard | The court | The model |
|---|---|---|---|
Denial of petition to vacate conviction under Proposition 64“Pending direction to the contrary from our high court, we will follow the reasoning of Perry and hold that Penal Code section 4573.6 remains valid after Proposition 64, and, therefore, we will affirm the order denying Cobbs’s petition to vacate his conviction.” | de novo | correct | agree with court agree with court |
Authorities
- relied: People v. Perry (2019) 32 Cal.App.5th 885 — Proposition 64 did not repeal Penal Code section 4573.6 because the carve-out provision covers laws pertaining to smoking or ingesting cannabis in penal institutions, which includes possession necessary for use.
- relied: People v. Raybon (2019) 36 Cal.App.5th 111 — A contrary view that Proposition 64 renders possession of small amounts of marijuana in prison no longer a crime, which the court declined to follow pending Supreme Court review.
- relied: People v. Whalum (2020) 50 Cal.App.5th 1 — Proposition 64 does not affect laws making it a crime to possess cannabis in a correctional institution, agreeing with Perry's analysis of the carve-out.
The appellate opinion: sound — The opinion is sound because it correctly identifies the conflict between Perry and Raybon and resolves it by adhering to the more logically consistent interpretation of the statutory carve-out, which is supported by the court's own prior decision in Whalum. It appropriately defers to the pending Supreme Court review in Raybon while applying the controlling logic of Perry to the specific statute at issue.
How this analysis was made · dispute it
unusual dispositionThe Imperial County Superior Court denied Theo Cobbs's Proposition 64 petition to vacate his 2014 conviction for possessing marijuana in prison (Pen. Code, § 4573.6), relying on People v. Perry and declining to follow People v. Raybon. The Court of Appeal affirmed, agreeing with Perry that Health and Safety Code section 11362.45, subdivision (d) carves out laws pertaining to cannabis in correctional institutions and that section 4573.6 remains valid after Proposition 64.
| Ruling reviewed | Standard | The court | The model |
|---|---|---|---|
Denial of petition to vacate conviction under Penal Code section 4573.6 on the ground that Proposition 64 did not amend, repeal, or affect that statute“Both arguments were correctly rejected in Perry” | de novo | correct | agree with court The opinion does not expressly state a standard of review, but the question presented—whether Proposition 64 impliedly repealed or narrowed Penal Code section 4573.6—is a pure question of statutory interpretation that the court decided independently, which is functionally de novo review. The court adopted Perry's reasoning on both of Cobbs's arguments: (1) the section 11362.45(d) carve-out for laws 'pertaining to smoking or ingesting cannabis' in correctional facilities reasonably encompasses possession statutes, because possession is a necessary antecedent to use and the carve-out would be rendered meaningless otherwise; and (2) cannabis remains a substance controlled by division 10 of the Health and Safety Code, so section 4573.6's reference to division 10 substances still reaches it. The court acknowledged the contrary published decision in Raybon (then under Supreme Court review) and the pending split, and made a reasoned choice consistent with its own prior analysis in Whalum. Given the carve-out's text and the implausibility of the voters' having silently legalized cannabis possession inside prisons, Perry's reading is the more defensible one, and the court's reasoning supports its conclusion. |
Authorities
- relied: People v. Perry (2019) 32 Cal.App.5th 885 — Proposition 64 did not affect Penal Code section 4573.6; the section 11362.45(d) carve-out for laws pertaining to smoking or ingesting cannabis in correctional institutions encompasses possession statutes, and cannabis remains controlled by division 10 of the Health and Safety Code so possession of even small amounts in prison remains a felony.
- relied: People v. Whalum (2020) 50 Cal.App.5th 1 — Penal Code section 4573.8 was not preempted or amended by Proposition 64; the court agreed with Perry's analysis of the scope of the section 11362.45(d) carve-out (review granted August 12, 2020, S262935; cited for persuasive value).
The appellate opinion: sound — The opinion squarely identifies both of appellant's arguments, explains why Perry rejected each, acknowledges the contrary published decision in Raybon and the pending Supreme Court review, and makes a reasoned choice to follow Perry consistent with the court's own prior decision in Whalum. The analysis is brief and largely adopts Perry's reasoning rather than independently construing the statutes, but it answers the arguments presented with the correct authorities and reaches a defensible result.
Opinion
Filed 11/13/20 P. v. Cobbs CA4/1 NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION ONE
STATE OF CALIFORNIA
THE PEOPLE, D076974
Plaintiff and Respondent, v. (Super. Ct. No. JCF33689)
THEO COBBS,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of Imperial County, Christopher J. Plourd, Judge. Affirmed. Charles R. Khoury, Jr., under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and Appellant. Xavier Becerra, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief Assistant Attorney General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Daniel Rogers and Kristen Kinnaird Chenelia, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent. In 2014, Theo Cobbs pleaded no contest to possession of an illegal substance (marijuana) in prison (Pen. Code, § 4573.6). The court sentenced Cobbs to a two-year prison term. In August 2019, Cobbs filed a petition to vacate his conviction under Proposition 64. The court obtained briefing and held a hearing. The court denied the petition in a written order finding Proposition 64 did not affect Penal Code section 4573.6. Specifically, the trial court relied on People v. Perry (2019) 32 Cal.App.5th 885 (Perry), in determining possession of less the 28.5 grams of marijuana in prison remained a felony. The trial court declined to adopt the reasoning in People v. Raybon (2019) 36 Cal.App.5th 111, review granted August 21, 2019, S256978 (Raybon), to the effect that use of marijuana in prison remains a felony under Penal Code section 4573.8, but that a very narrow reading of Proposition 64 renders possession of a small amount of marijuana while in prison no longer a crime. Apparently, under that reasoning, one can bring small amounts of marijuana into the prison and possess it, so long as they don’t use it. Cobbs appeals, contending we should follow the Raybon decision and declare that possession of “small amounts” of marijuana in prison is no longer a crime. As we will discuss, we agree with the court’s analysis in Perry and find Proposition 64 did not affect the section used in this case. Accordingly, we will affirm the denial of Cobbs’s petition. DISCUSSION A. The Contentions Relying on Raybon, Cobbs contends his conviction under Penal Code section 4573.6 must be vacated because it has been impliedly repealed (at least in part) by Proposition 64. He recognizes there is no specific language in the proposition indicating it impacts statutes that prohibit either the possession or use of marijuana by prison or jail inmates. Cobbs’s challenge has two principal anchors. First, the proposition makes possession of not more than 28.5 grams of marijuana outside of a 2 prison or jail by persons who are 21 years old no longer a crime; therefore, it necessarily means that under the language of Penal Code section 4573.6, that possession of such small amounts in prison is no longer a crime. The second basis is that the so called carve-out provision in the proposition which exempt statutes “pertaining” to use of controlled substances in prison means Penal Code section 4573.6, which deals with possession, does not “pertain” to the use or ingestion of controlled substances. Thus, the section was not exempted from Proposition 64 as it relates to possessing small amounts of marijuana in prison. Both arguments were correctly rejected in Perry, supra, 32 Cal.App.5th 885. As we will explain, we agree with the decision in Perry and decline to follow the contrary views expressed in Raybon. B. Legal Principles Proposition 64 made a number of changes in statutes relating to the use of marijuana. Relevant here is the modification that the proposition decriminalized simple possession of not more than 28.5 grams of marijuana by persons over 21 outside of prisons or jails. It does not mention the crime of possession of marijuana by inmates, except in what has been called the carve- out section indicating those marijuana related statutes were not affected by the proposition.
Health and Safety Code1 section 11362.45, subdivision (d) provides in part, that section 11362.1 “ ‘does not amend, repeal, affect, restrict, or preempt: [¶] . . . [¶] . . . [l]aws pertaining to smoking or ingesting cannabis or cannabis products on the grounds of, or within, any facility or institution under the jurisdiction of the Department of Corrections and 1 All further statutory references are to the Health and Safety Code unless otherwise specified. 3 Rehabilitation . . . .’ (§ 11362.45, subd. (d).)” (Perry, supra, 32 Cal.App.5th at p. 891.) The court in Perry specifically rejected the contention that the carve- out does not apply to Penal Code section 4573.6 because the language of that section deals with possession and not use, thus the contention it does not “pertain” to smoking or ingestion. The court in Perry recognized the theoretical possibility that one could use drugs in prison without “possessing” them in a legal sense. However, someone must possess the physical product in prison in order for anyone to use it. The court in Perry found limitation of possession of marijuana in prison clearly pertained to the ultimate goal of preventing the unlawful use of controlled substances by inmates. (Perry, supra, 32 Cal.App.5th at p. 892.) The court in Perry also rejected the contention that Penal Code section 4573.6 is no longer valid because it prohibits possession of controlled substances in prison if they are regulated by division 10 of the Health and Safety Code. (Perry, supra, 32 Cal.App.5th at p. 893.) The contention is premised on the fact that personal possession of not more than 28.5 grams by persons 21 years old is no longer criminal. Thus, the argument continues that possession of small amounts of marijuana is not regulated by division 10. In Perry, the court rejected the argument and stated: “Here, a conclusion that division 10 [of the Health and Safety code] does not prohibit the possession of not more than 28.5 grams of cannabis for purposes of Penal Code section 4573.6 would make meaningless the express provision of Proposition 64 that its legalization of cannabis did not ‘amend, repeal, affect, restrict, or preempt: [¶] . . . [¶] . . . [l]aws pertaining to smoking or ingesting 4 cannabis’ in penal institutions. (§ 11362.45, subd. (d).)” (Perry, supra, 32 Cal.App.5th at p. 894.) The court went on to say that cannabis remains controlled by division 10 and declined to adopt the interpretation offered that would impliedly exclude possession of a “small amount” as not being subject to the statute. (Perry, supra, 32 Cal.App.5th at p. 896.) Our Supreme Court has granted review in Raybon, supra, 36 Cal.App.5th 111, which takes a contrary position on both facets of Cobbs’s argument. Ultimately, the high court will resolve the differences in the opinions. C. Analysis In People v. Whalum (2020) 50 Cal.App.5th 1, review granted August 12, 2020, S262935, we addressed Penal Code section 4573.8, a more broadly worded prohibition of use or ingesting of unauthorized drugs in prison. We found the statute had not been preempted or amended by Proposition 64. We found the carve-out provisions of the proposition retained the validity of the statute. We did not address the validity of Penal Code section 4573.6, as it was not challenged in that case. We did discuss the Perry opinion at length. With regard to the carve- out provision we said: “[W]e agree with Perry’s analysis regarding the scope of the carve out in section 11362.45, subdivision (d), and we accordingly conclude that Proposition 64 does not affect laws, including Penal Code section 4573.8, which make it a crime to possess cannabis in a correctional institution.” (Whalum, supra, 50 Cal.App.5th at p. 10.) We are faced with choosing between the analysis in Perry and the opposing views expressed in Raybon. Pending direction to the contrary from our high court, we will follow the reasoning of Perry and hold that Penal Code 5 section 4573.6 remains valid after Proposition 64, and, therefore, we will affirm the order denying Cobbs’s petition to vacate his conviction. DISPOSITION The order denying the petition to vacate Cobbs’s conviction of violating Penal Code section 4573.6 is affirmed.
HUFFMAN, J.
WE CONCUR:
McCONNELL, P. J.
BENKE, J.