Estate of Shannon
- Area
- probate
- Panel
- Richard D. Huffman, Sr. (author)
Analysis
The trial court denied Lila Shannon's petition to be determined as an omitted spouse under Probate Code section 6560, finding that the decedent's will and extrinsic evidence rebutted the statutory presumption of revocation. The Court of Appeal reversed, holding that the will's general disinheritance clause did not specifically identify the after-acquired spouse and that the extrinsic evidence was insufficient or improperly excluded to establish an intent to provide for her outside the will or a valid waiver.
| Ruling reviewed | Standard | The court | The model |
|---|---|---|---|
Denial of petition for determination of heirship as an omitted spouse under Probate Code section 6560“The probate court therefore erred in denying Lila's petition to determine heirship.” | de novo | error | agree with court The appellate court applied de novo review to the statutory interpretation and the sufficiency of the evidence to rebut the presumption of revocation. It correctly identified that the burden of proof rests on the proponents of the will to show a specific intent to disinherit the after-acquired spouse on the face of the will or to prove an exception under section 6561. The court correctly applied the rule from Estate of Axcelrod that a general disinheritance clause does not satisfy the requirement of specific intent for a spouse married after the will's execution. It also correctly noted that the extrinsic evidence regarding the widow's fund was excluded at trial and, even if admitted, was insufficient to prove the transfer was intended in lieu of a testamentary provision. The reversal is supported by the cited authorities and the record described in the opinion. |
Authorities
- relied: Estate of Duke (1953) 41 Cal.2d 509 — Section 6560 reflects a strong statutory presumption of revocation of the will as to the omitted spouse based upon public policy.
- relied: Estate of Axcelrod (1944) 23 Cal.2d 761 — A general provision in a will disinherit heirs not specifically mentioned may not be construed as mentioning a subsequently acquired spouse to show an intention not to make provision for the spouse.
- relied: Estate of Poisl (1955) 44 Cal.2d 147 — Exclusionary clauses in wills which fail to indicate the testator contemplated the possibility of a future marriage are insufficient to avoid the statutory presumption.
- relied: Estate of Paul (1972) 29 Cal.App.3d 690 — The burden of proving the presumption of revocation is rebutted is on the proponents of the will.
- relied: Estate of Basore (1971) 19 Cal.App.3d 623 — The presumption under section 6560 is only rebutted by a clear manifestation of intent to disinherit on the face of the will, regardless of the decedent's wishes.
- relied: Estate of Green (1981) 120 Cal.App.3d 589 — Testamentary clauses disinheriting a named individual or a general class are insufficient to disclose explicit intention to omit provision for a spouse married after the will's execution.
- relied: Estate of Butler (1988) 205 Cal.App.3d 311 — Keeping property separate during marriage is not sufficient to show a valid agreement waiving the right to share in the estate under section 6561, subdivision (c).
- misapplied: Estate of Kurtz (1922) 190 Cal. 146 — The court stated this case has been effectively overruled by subsequent case law (specifically Estate of Axcelrod) regarding the sufficiency of general disinheritance clauses for after-acquired spouses.
The appellate opinion: sound — The opinion is sound because it correctly applies the strict statutory requirements of Probate Code section 6561 to the specific language of the will, relying on binding California Supreme Court precedent (Axcelrod) to reject the argument that a general disinheritance clause covers an after-acquired spouse. It also properly addresses the evidentiary issues, noting that the extrinsic evidence was excluded at trial and was legally insufficient to rebut the presumption even if admitted.
The probate court denied Lila Shannon's petition to determine heirship as an omitted spouse under Probate Code section 6560 in the estate of her husband Russell, who had executed his will twelve years before marrying her and never changed it. The Court of Appeal reversed, holding the will's general disinheritance clause did not show intent to omit a future spouse and that the executrix failed to establish any exception under section 6561, and remanded for further proceedings.
| Ruling reviewed | Standard | The court | The model |
|---|---|---|---|
Denial of omitted-spouse heirship petition on the ground that the will's general disinheritance clause ('all other living persons and relatives' and 'any legal heir of mine') showed an intent to omit the surviving spouse under section 6561, subdivision (a)“The will on its face does not evidence an intent on Russell's part to disinherit Lila.” | de novo | error (law misapplied) | agree with court Section 6561(a) requires the intent to omit to appear from the will itself, and a long line of Supreme Court authority (Axcelrod, Poisl) and Court of Appeal authority (Paul, Green, Basore) holds that generic heir-disinheritance clauses in wills executed when the testator had no spouse do not reach an after-acquired spouse. The will here neither names Lila nor contemplates a future marriage, so the court's construction follows directly from those authorities; the Law Revision Commission comment confirms section 6561(a) continues the former section 70 rule, making the older cases applicable. |
Whether the executrix established a transfer outside the will (CHP Widows' and Orphans' Fund payment of $2,000 plus attorney declaration) in lieu of a testamentary provision under section 6561, subdivision (b)“Even assuming the evidence were properly before the probate court at the time of the hearing, such was insufficient to rebut the presumption of section 6560 because it does not show Russell provided the trust fund benefits for Lila in lieu of sharing in his estate.” | unclear | error (fact finding unsupported) | agree with court The opinion notes the fund evidence and declaration were excluded at the hearing, so the probate court could not have relied on them, and alternatively finds the evidence insufficient because nothing showed the benefit was intended in lieu of a testamentary share. The burden was on the will's proponent (Estate of Paul), and the attorney's declaration that Russell wanted his daughter to have his estate shows a wish to exclude Lila, not that the fund payment was intended as a substitute. The reasoning is adequate, though the court did not state its standard of review and did not expressly distinguish Estate of Smith, which the executrix cited. |
Whether the spouses' practice of keeping property separate during marriage constituted a valid waiver of the right to share in the estate under section 6561, subdivision (c)“Nor have the circumstances of section 6561, subdivisions (b) or (c) been established.” | unclear | error (law misapplied) | agree with court Subdivision (c) requires a 'valid agreement waiving the right to share,' and Estate of Butler supports the proposition that informal arrangements about separate property do not amount to such a waiver. Merely keeping property separate is not an agreement to waive succession rights, so the court's conclusion is consistent with the statutory text and the cited authority. |
Authorities
- relied: Estate of Duke (1953) 41 Cal.2d 509 — The omitted-spouse statute embodies a strong public-policy presumption of revocation of the will as to a spouse married after execution, rebuttable only by intent appearing on the face of the will.
- relied: Estate of Sheldon (1977) 75 Cal.App.3d 364 — The presumption in favor of the omitted spouse is rebutted only where the circumstances fall within the literal terms of a statutory exception.
- relied: Estate of Paul (1972) 29 Cal.App.3d 690 — The burden of rebutting the omitted-spouse presumption rests on the proponents of the will, and exclusionary clauses not contemplating a future marriage are insufficient.
- relied: Estate of Basore (1971) 19 Cal.App.3d 623 — Intent to omit a spouse must clearly appear on the face of the will regardless of the decedent's actual wishes.
- relied: Estate of Axcelrod (1944) 23 Cal.2d 761 — A general clause disinheriting all heirs not mentioned does not show intent to omit a spouse acquired after execution where the testator then had no spouse who could become an heir; Kurtz distinguished (the concurrence would have overruled it).
- relied: Estate of Poisl (1955) 44 Cal.2d 147 — Exclusionary clauses that do not indicate the testator contemplated a future marriage do not avoid the statutory presumption.
- relied: Estate of Green (1981) 120 Cal.App.3d 589 — Even a clause disinheriting a named intended spouse and 'any other person ... whether related by marriage or not' does not show intent to omit a different woman later married.
- relied: Estate of Butler (1988) 205 Cal.App.3d 311 — Spouses keeping property separate during marriage does not establish a valid agreement waiving the right to share in each other's estate.
The appellate opinion: sound with gaps — The court correctly applied the text of sections 6560 and 6561 and consistent Supreme Court and Court of Appeal precedent holding that generic disinheritance clauses do not reach an after-acquired spouse, and properly placed the burden on the will's proponent. It has minor gaps: it declares Kurtz 'effectively overruled' by citing a concurring opinion rather than the Axcelrod majority (which merely distinguished Kurtz), does not articulate a standard of review, and does not expressly answer the executrix's reliance on Estate of Smith.
Opinion
Estate of RUSSELL DONOVAN SHANNON, Deceased.
GILBERT A. BROWN, as Executor, etc., Petitioner and Appellant,
v.
BEATRICE MARIE SALESKI, Objector and Respondent.
Court of Appeals of California, Fourth District, Division One.
*1150 COUNSEL
Legler & Tomlinson, Thomas M. Tomlinson and Dennis L. Wells for Petitioner and Appellant.
Russell G. Tanner for Objector and Respondent.
OPINION
HUFFMAN, ACTING P.J.
Gilbert A. Brown, executor of the will of Lila Demos Shannon (also known as Lila King Demos), appeals on behalf of Lila's estate from an order of the probate court denying her petition for determination of heirship as an omitted spouse under Probate Code[1] section 6560 in the estate of Russell Donovan Shannon. We reverse.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
On January 25, 1974, Russell, an unmarried widower, executed his last will and testament, naming his daughter, Beatrice Marie Saleski, executrix and sole beneficiary. The will also provided his grandson, Donald Saleski, would inherit his estate in the event Beatrice did not survive him for "thirty (30) days" and contained a disinheritance clause which provided as follows: "SEVENTH: I have intentionally omitted all other living persons and relatives. If any devises, legatee, beneficiary under this Will, or any legal heir of *1151 mine, person or persons claiming under any of them, or other person or persons shall contest this Will or attack or seek to impair or invalidate any of its provisions or conspire with or voluntarily assist anyone attempting to do any of those things mentioned, in that event, I specifically disinherit such person or persons. [¶] If any Court finds that such person or persons are lawful heirs and entitled to participate in my estate, then in that event I bequeath each of them the sum of one ($1.00) dollar and no more."
On April 27, 1986, Russell married Lila. On February 22, 1988, Russell died. He did not make any changes in his will after his marriage to Lila and before his death. His 1974 will was admitted to probate May 9, 1988, and Beatrice was named executrix of his estate.
On September 27, 1988, Lila filed a petition for family allowance (§ 6540), to set apart probate homestead (§ 6520) and or determination of entitlement to estate distribution as an omitted surviving spouse (§§ 1080, 6560). The court denied the petition for family allowance and Lila withdrew her petition to set apart probate homestead. The remaining issue of Lila's entitlement to share in Russell's estate was heard December 14, 1988, and taken under submission.
On March 24, 1989, the probate court issued its order denying Lila's petition to determine heirship. She timely appealed only from this latter order.[2]
During the pendency of this appeal, Lila died and her son Brown was named executor of her estate and substituted in her place as appellant.[3] He has objected to the distribution of Russell's estate until after this appeal is decided.
DISCUSSION
On appeal, Lila contends she was a pretermitted spouse within the meaning of section 6560 and does not fall under any of the exceptions under section 6561 which would preclude her from sharing in Russell's estate as an omitted spouse. We agree and reverse.
Section 6560, added to the Probate Code in 1983, amended in 1984 and applicable to estates of decedents who died on or after January 1, 1985 (Stats. 1983, ch. 842, § 55; Stats. 1984, ch. 892, § 45), states: "Except as provided in Section 6561, if a testator fails to provide by will for his or her *1152 surviving spouse who married the testator after the execution of the will, the omitted spouse shall receive a share in the estate consisting of the following property in the estate: [¶] (a) The one-half of the community property that belongs to the testator.... [¶] (b) The one-half of the quasi-community property that belongs to the testator.... [¶] (c) A share of the separate property of the testator equal in value to that which the spouse would have received if the testator had died intestate, but in no event is the share to be more than one-half the value of the separate property in the estate."
Section 6561 states: "The spouse does not receive a share of the estate under Section 6560 if any of the following is established: [¶] (a) The testator's failure to provide for the spouse in the will was intentional and that intention appears from the will. [¶] (b) The testator provided for the spouse by transfer outside the will and the intention that the transfer be in lieu of a testamentary provision is shown by statements of the testator or from the amount of the transfer or by other evidence. [¶] (c) The spouse made a valid agreement waiving the right to share in the testator's estate."
Section 6560 supersedes that portion of former section 70 which had the effect of revoking the will as to the omitted spouse and giving that spouse the same share as the spouse would have taken if the testator had died intestate. (See Cal. Law Revision Com. com., 54A West's Ann. Prob. Code (1990 supp.) § 6560, p. 295.) Section 6561 supersedes the portion of former section 70 which stated, "unless provision has been made for the spouse by marriage contract, or unless the spouse is provided for in the will, or in such way mentioned therein as to show an intention not to make such provision; and no other evidence to rebut the presumption of revocation can be received." (Stats. 1931, ch. 281, § 70, p. 590.) These latter two provisions are continued in section 6561 in subdivision (a) and, in addition, section 6561 now recognizes an omitted spouse may waive the right to take property of the other spouse by testate or intestate succession (§ 6561, subd. (c)) and does not receive a share if the testator provided for the omitted spouse by a "transfer outside the will" that was intended to be in lieu of a testimentary provision (§ 6561, subd. (b)). (See Cal. Law Revision Com. com., 54A West's Ann. Prob. Code, supra, § 6561, p. 297.)
(1) It is well established section 6560 reflects a strong statutory presumption of revocation of the will as to the omitted spouse based upon public policy. (Estate of Duke (1953) 41 Cal.2d 509 [261 P.2d 235].) Such presumption is rebutted only if circumstances are such as to fall within the literal terms of one of the exceptions listed in section 6561. (See Estate of Sheldon (1977) 75 Cal. App.3d 364 [142 Cal. Rptr. 119].) The burden of proving the presumption is rebutted is on the proponents of the will. (See Estate of Paul (1972) 29 Cal. App.3d 690, 697 [105 Cal. Rptr. 742].)
*1153 Here, Russell failed to provide for Lila in his will. Under the language of section 6560, she is thus an omitted spouse and the crucial inquiry becomes whether Beatrice met the burden of rebutting this presumption. Specifically, the issues are whether the will shows a specific intent to exclude Lila pursuant to section 6561, subdivision (a) and whether Beatrice presented sufficient evidence to show Russell had intended to otherwise provide for Lila outside of his will in lieu of her taking under it pursuant to section 6561, subdivision (b), or to show Lila waived her rights to share in his estate under section 6561, subdivision (c).
(2) The will on its face does not evidence an intent on Russell's part to disinherit Lila. As the presumption under section 6560 is only rebutted by a clear manifestation of such intent on the face of the will, "regardless of what may have been the wishes of the [decedent]" (Estate of Basore (1971) 19 Cal. App.3d 623, 627-628 [96 Cal. Rptr. 874]; see also Estate of Duke, supra, 41 Cal.2d 509 and Estate of Paul, supra, 29 Cal. App.3d 690), the section 6561, subdivision (a) exception has not been established.
Contrary to Beatrice's reliance on Estate of Kurtz (1922) 190 Cal. 146 [210 P. 959] to argue the language "any legal heir of mine" in the disinheritance clause contained in Russell's will somehow shows his intent to disinherit Lila, whom he married 12 years after executing the will, that case has been effectively overruled by subsequent case law. (See Estate of Axcelrod (1944) 23 Cal.2d 761, 769-770 [147 P.2d 1] (conc. opn. of Carter, J.).) Estate of Axcelrod, supra, 23 Cal.2d at pages 765-769, distinguished the Kurtz case and held a general provision in a will, that the testator "intentionally omitted all of my heirs who are not specifically mentioned herein, intending thereby to disinherit them," may not be construed as mentioning a subsequently acquired spouse in such a way as to show an intention not to make provision for the spouse, where the testator at the time the will was executed had no spouse who could become "an heir." (Id. at p. 767.)
Case law has also held exclusionary clauses in wills which fail to indicate the testator contemplated the possibility of a future marriage are insufficient to avoid the statutory presumption. (Estate of Poisl (1955) 44 Cal.2d 147, 149-150 [280 P.2d 789]; Estate of Paul, supra, 29 Cal. App.3d 690.) Even testamentary clauses specifically disinheriting a named individual whom the testator planned to marry and a clause stating "any other person not specifically mentioned in this Will, whether related by marriage or not" have been held insufficient to disclose the explicit intention of a testator to omit provision for another woman the testator married after executing the will either as a member of the designated disinherited class or as a contemplated spouse. (Estate of Green (1981) 120 Cal. App.3d 589, 593 [174 Cal. Rptr. 654].) As there is no mention of Lila or the fact of a future marriage in the *1154 disinheritance clause of the will, it does not manifest Russell's intent to specifically disinherit Lila as his surviving spouse.
(3) Nor have the circumstances of section 6561, subdivisions (b) or (c) been established. Beatrice asserts a retired California Highway Patrolmen Widow's and Orphan's Fund from which $2,000 was paid to Lila as Russell's beneficiary, coupled with a declaration of Russell's attorney "[t]hat in the twelve months immediately preceding [Russell's death, he] informed this declarant that he had remarried and that his wife was independently wealthy and that she had more than he had and that he wanted his daughter to have his estate upon his death ...", evidence Russell's intent to provide for Lila outside the will in lieu of a testamentary provision and satisfy the requirements of section 6561, subdivision (b). In support of this argument she cites a New Mexico case, Matter of Taggart (1980) 95 N.M. 117 [619 P.2d 562, 11 A.L.R.4th 1201], which held the omission of an after-acquired spouse in a will can be shown to be intentional by a transfer outside the will such as life insurance or other joint arrangement based on evidence of the testator's statements, the amount of the transaction, or other evidence. She claims Russell's intent she take his entire estate is paramount and the presumption under section 6560 must yield to that intent. (See Estate of Smith (1985) 167 Cal. App.3d 208, 212 [212 Cal. Rptr. 923].)
However, as Lila notes, the evidence of the widows' and orphans' trust fund benefits and Beatrice's attorney's declaration were excluded from evidence at the court hearing on the probate heirship matter making it impossible for the court to base its determination on such claimed transfer.
Even assuming the evidence were properly before the probate court at the time of the hearing, such was insufficient to rebut the presumption of section 6560 because it does not show Russell provided the trust fund benefits for Lila in lieu of sharing in his estate.
(4) Moreover, the facts presented at the probate hearing that Russell and Lila kept their property separate during the course of their marriage is not sufficient to show "a valid agreement waiving the right to share" in each other's estate pursuant to section 6561, subdivision (c). (See Estate of Butler (1988) 205 Cal. App.3d 311, 318 [252 Cal. Rptr. 210].)
Beatrice has simply not met her burden of proving Russell's intent to disinherit Lila and rebut the presumption of revocation under section 6560. The probate court therefore erred in denying Lila's petition to determine heirship.
*1155 DISPOSITION
The order denying Lila's petition for heirship is reversed and remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Nares, J., and Lim, J.,[*] concurred.
NOTES
[1] All statutory references are to the Probate Code unless otherwise specified.
[2] An order made after hearing a petition for heirship is appealable under section 7240, subdivision (m).
[3] In this opinion, we refer to Lila's estate as Lila.
[*] Assigned by the Chairperson of the Judicial Council.
Cites, in this corpus
- Brown v. Saleski No. D010146 · 1990-10-24
- Butler v. Stallcup B030037 · 1988-10-20
- Smith v. City of Hope No. E001334 · 1985-04-23
- Estate of Green Civ. 49371 · 1981-06-18
- Huffman v. Peterson Civ. 3055 · 1977-11-23
- Estate of Paul Civ. 40717 · 1972-12-27
- Estate of Basore 37602 · 1971-08-25
- Poisl v. Ferguson L. A. 23133 · 1955-03-15
- Logan v. Shelby L. A. 22437 · 1953-09-25
- Estate of Axcelrod v. Pocker L. A. 18708 · 1944-03-11
- In Re the Estate of Kurtz L. A. No. 7332. · 1922-12-01
Cited by
- Allen v. First Presbyterian Church of Ironwood D015303 · 1993-02-03