gno.law

People v. Fleetwood

California Court of Appeal · D001643 · 1985-08-30 · Published · 171 Cal. App. 3d 982 · 217 Cal. Rptr. 612 · 1985 Cal. App. LEXIS 2471

The PEOPLE, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. ROBERT FLEETWOOD, Defendant and Appellant

Area
criminal
Panel
Larrie R. Brainard (author)

Analysis

A model's reading — qwen3.8-27b, prompt v1, 2026-10-13T07:45Z · confidence high

The trial court convicted Fleetwood of residential robbery and burglary, instructing the jury that an occupied hotel room constitutes an inhabited dwelling house under Penal Code sections 213.5 and 460. The Court of Appeal affirmed the judgment, holding that the term 'inhabited dwelling house' in section 213.5 includes hotel rooms to maintain parity with burglary statutes, and finding no error in the instructions or denial of effective assistance of counsel.

Ruling reviewedStandardThe courtThe model
Instruction that an occupied hotel room is an 'inhabited dwelling house' under Penal Code section 213.5
“We are convinced the Legislature intended the same result under section 213.5. Accordingly, we hold that the term “inhabited dwelling house” in section 213.5 includes the “inhabited portion of any other building.””
de novocorrectagree with court
agree with court
Instruction equating 'occupation' with 'inhabitance' in the definition of dwelling
“However, the court’s instructions do not equate these terms. In defining “inhabited dwelling” for burglary, the court used “occupation” only to instruct on the necessity of having a current resident.”
de novocorrectagree with court
agree with court
Sufficiency of evidence that the hotel room was a dwelling house
“Although Ms. B. clearly engaged in acts of prostitution on the premises, the jury had substantial and sufficient evidence to find she also resided therein.”
substantial evidencecorrectagree with court
agree with court
Denial of effective assistance of counsel for failing to object to instructions and requesting no lesser included offenses
“The record reveals Fleetwood’s counsel made a knowledgeable tactical choice. Fleetwood does not show his counsel failed to act as a reasonably competent attorney nor that his actions precluded a potentially successful defense.”
de novocorrectagree with court
agree with court

Authorities

  • relied: People v. Guerin (1972) 22 Cal.App.3d 775 — Robbery is a compound crime against property and persons, emphasizing personal protection.
  • relied: People v. Ramos (1982) 30 Cal.3d 553 — Robbery legislation emphasizes personal protection over property theft.
  • relied: People v. Wilson (1969) 1 Cal.3d 431 — Victims inside buildings are more vulnerable to felonious conduct than victims out of doors.
  • relied: People v. Guthrie (1983) 144 Cal.App.3d 832 — In section 460, 'inhabited dwelling house' means a structure where people ordinarily live and which is currently being used for dwelling purposes.
  • relied: People v. Cardona (1983) 142 Cal.App.3d 481 — A place is an inhabited dwelling if a person with possessory rights uses the place as sleeping quarters intending to continue doing so in the future.
  • relied: People v. St. Clair (1869) 38 Cal. 137 — Apartments and hotel rooms may be the dwelling house of persons living in them.
  • relied: People v. O’Bryan (1985) 37 Cal.3d 841 — The burglary statutes make no distinction between the character of a burglary of an 'inhabited dwelling place' and of an 'inhabited portion of any other building.'
  • relied: People v. Johnson (1980) 26 Cal.3d 557 — Evidence must be viewed in the light most favorable to the respondent, presuming the existence of every fact the trier could reasonably deduce.
  • relied: People v. Pope (1979) 23 Cal.3d 412 — Defendants are entitled to adequate legal counsel, and the defendant bears the burden of proving counsel failed to act as would reasonably competent attorneys.
  • relied: People v. Fosselman (1983) 33 Cal.3d 572 — General standard for evaluating claims of ineffective assistance of counsel regarding tactical choices.

The appellate opinion: sound — The court reasoned that legislative intent to equalize sentences for residential robbery and burglary requires identical application of the term 'inhabited dwelling house' in both statutes, and that historical precedent includes hotel rooms in this definition. It further found the instructions were correct in context and counsel's tactical decisions were reasonable given the alibi defense.

How this analysis was made · dispute it

A model's reading — claude-fable-5-1, prompt v1, 2026-10-13T04:32Z · confidence medium

The trial court instructed the jury that an occupied hotel room is an “inhabited dwelling house” for both residential burglary (§ 460) and residential robbery (§ 213.5), the jury convicted Fleetwood of two counts of residential robbery and one count of residential burglary with weapon and great-bodily-injury findings, and the court imposed 11 years 4 months. The Court of Appeal held a hotel room falls within section 213.5, found the instructions as a whole correct, found substantial evidence the victim resided in the room, rejected the ineffective-assistance claim as a tactical choice, and affirmed.

Ruling reviewedStandardThe courtThe model
Instruction and sentencing treating an occupied hotel room as an “inhabited dwelling house” under Penal Code section 213.5 (residential robbery)
“Accordingly, we hold that the term “inhabited dwelling house” in section 213.5 includes the “inhabited portion of any other building.””
de novocorrectagree with court
The court grounded its reading in the urgency clause of the 1982 enactment, which expressly sought parity between residential robbery and residential burglary sentencing, and in long-standing California authority (St. Clair, Guthrie, Cardona, O’Bryan) treating apartments and hotel rooms as dwelling houses. That is a defensible purposive construction and the term “dwelling house” historically covered hotel rooms, so the hotel room fits the words themselves without needing the omitted phrase. The weakness is that the court effectively imports language the Legislature left out of § 213.5 and never addresses the rule that ambiguous penal statutes are construed in the defendant’s favor; it answers the omission argument with legislative purpose alone.
Jury instructions defining “inhabited dwelling house” using the term “occupied” (claimed to equate occupation with inhabitance)
“The court’s statements as a whole properly instructed the jury on robbery of an inhabited dwelling.”
de novocorrectagree with court
Instructions are read as a whole; the burglary instruction told the jury the structure must be both occupied and customarily used as a dwelling and that temporary absence does not change status, which tracks Cardona’s requirement of a current resident. The robbery instruction expressly incorporated the same definition, so the jury was not told mere physical presence suffices.
Sufficiency of the evidence that the victim’s hotel room was an inhabited dwelling (her residence)
“Although Ms. B. clearly engaged in acts of prostitution on the premises, the jury had substantial and sufficient evidence to find she also resided therein.”
substantial evidencecorrectagree with court
The victim testified she had been living in the room for one to two weeks and the night manager confirmed she paid up to two weeks’ rent in advance. Under People v. Johnson the evidence is viewed in the light most favorable to the judgment, and sparse furnishings or concurrent use for prostitution do not negate residence as a matter of law.
Denial of relief on claim of ineffective assistance of counsel for agreeing to the hotel-room instruction and declining lesser-included-offense instructions
“The record reveals Fleetwood’s counsel made a knowledgeable tactical choice.”
unclearcorrectagree with court
The record quoted shows counsel expressly declined lesser-included instructions because the defense was alibi, an all-or-nothing strategy recognized as a legitimate tactical decision, and under Pope the defendant bears the burden of showing incompetence and a withdrawn potentially meritorious defense. Because the instruction was held correct, the failure to object could not have prejudiced Fleetwood. The opinion does not articulate a standard of review, but the result follows from Pope and Fosselman.

Authorities

  • relied: People v. Guthrie (1983) 144 Cal.App.3d 832 — Under § 460 an “inhabited dwelling house” is a structure where people ordinarily live and which is currently being used for dwelling purposes.
  • relied: People v. Cardona (1983) 142 Cal.App.3d 481 — A dwelling must have a current resident using it for living and sleeping with intent to continue; an unoccupied dwelling is not “inhabited” under the burglary statute.
  • relied: People v. St. Clair (1869) 38 Cal. 137 — Apartments and hotel rooms may be the dwelling house of the persons living in them; there may be more than one dwelling under one roof.
  • relied: People v. O’Bryan (1985) 37 Cal.3d 841 — The burglary statutes draw no distinction in character between burglary of an inhabited dwelling house and of the inhabited portion of any other building.
  • relied: People v. Wilson (1969) 1 Cal.3d 431 — Victims inside buildings are more vulnerable to felonious conduct than victims out of doors.
  • relied: People v. Guerin (1972) 22 Cal.App.3d 775 — Robbery is a compound crime against property and the person, placed in the Penal Code among crimes against the person.
  • relied: People v. Ramos (1982) 30 Cal.3d 553 — Robbery includes elements of both theft and assault.
  • relied: People v. Johnson (1980) 26 Cal.3d 557 — On sufficiency review the evidence is viewed in the light most favorable to the judgment, presuming every fact the trier could reasonably deduce.
  • relied: People v. Pope (1979) 23 Cal.3d 412 — Defendant bears the burden of showing counsel failed to act as a reasonably competent attorney diligently advocating the client’s rights.
  • relied: People v. Fosselman (1983) 33 Cal.3d 572 — Standards for evaluating ineffective-assistance claims, including whether counsel’s acts withdrew a potentially meritorious defense.
  • missed: Keeler v. Superior Court (1970) 2 Cal.3d 619 — Penal statutes are construed strictly and ambiguities resolved in favor of the defendant; courts may not expand a criminal statute beyond its terms by judicial construction.

The appellate opinion: sound with gaps — The opinion answers each argument with pertinent California authority, correctly applies the substantial-evidence and Pope standards, and supports its statutory reading with the urgency clause showing the Legislature sought parity between residential robbery and residential burglary. It is weaker in dealing with the omitted-language argument: it reads the “inhabited portion of any other building” phrase into § 213.5 on purposive grounds without addressing the rule of lenity or strict construction of penal statutes, though the result is defensible because hotel rooms were historically “dwelling houses” in any event.

How this analysis was made · dispute it

Opinion — Brainard

Opinion

BRAINARD, J. *

Robert Fleetwood appeals his conviction of robbery and burglary.

A jury found Fleetwood guilty of two counts of robbery in an inhabited dwelling, using a deadly weapon and inflicting great bodily harm (Pen. Code, 1 §§ 211, 213.5, 12022, subd. (b), and 12022.7) and one count of burglary upon an inhabited dwelling using a deadly weapon (§§ 459, 460, and 12022, subd. (b)). The court sentenced him to prison for 11 years and 4 months.

Facts

Debbie B., a prostitute, had lived in a boarding hotel for two weeks when Fleetwood kicked in her door demanding money from her and her customer. After wounding each of them with a knife, he made off with a small amount of money.

Issues

The questions presented are as follows:

I. Does an occupied hotel room qualify as a “dwelling house” under section 213.5? Yes.
II. Did the court erroneously equate “occupation” with “inhabitance” in its instructions? No.
III. Was the evidence sufficient to support the jury’s finding Ms. B.’s hotel room was a “dwelling house”? Yes.
*986 IV. Was Fleetwood denied effective assistance of counsel? No.

I

Fleetwood contends the court erred in sentencing him under section 213.5’s harsher sentence for residential robbery. On the burglary count, the judge told the jury: “An inhabited dwelling house is a structure which is occupied and customarily used as a dwelling, and the temporary absence of the occupants does not change its status as such.

“An occupied hotel room is a dwelling house within the meaning of this definition. ”

On the robbery counts, the judge told the jury: “An inhabited dwelling house within the meaning of Penal Code section 213.5 is a structure which is occupied and customarily used as a dwelling. An occupied hotel room is an inhabited dwelling as used in these instructions. So the definition of an inhabited dwelling house is the same for both robbery and for burglary.”

Fleetwood asserts the court erred by stating a hotel room is a dwelling house because section 213.5 should not apply to hotel rooms. Section 213.5 reads: “Every robbery perpetrated in an inhabited dwelling house or trailer coach as defined in the Vehicle Code is punishable by imprisonment in the state prison for three, four, or six years.”

It is Fleetwood’s position the Legislature did not intend to protect hotel room occupants because it did not also include the “inhabited portion of any other building” language of section 460, subdivision (l) 2 (which applies to burglaries). It is reasoned that the Legislature’s omission of said language in its later enactment of section 213.5 reveals a statutory intent to limit section 213.5’s protection to house dwellers as opposed to inhabitants of other residential structures.

Robbery is a compound crime against property and persons including elements of both theft and assault. (People v. Guerin (1972) 22 Cal.App.3d 775, 781 [99 Cal.Rptr. 573], see People v. Ramos (1982) 30 Cal.3d 553, 587 [180 Cal.Rptr. 266, 639 P.2d 908].) Although intending to deter both theft and personal harm, robbery legislation emphasizes personal protection. 3 Implementing its intent to protect robbery victims, the Legislature has *987 developed a statutory scheme increasing sentences for increased victim vulnerability. 4

Victims inside buildings are more vulnerable to felonious conduct than victims out of doors. (People v. Wilson (1969) 1 Cal.3d 431, 440 [82 Cal.Rptr. 494, 462 P.2d 22].) Recognizing victims inside their residences are especially vulnerable, the Legislature enacted section 213.5 as an “urgency statute necessary for the immediate preservation of the public peace, health, or safety within the meaning of Article IV of the Constitution ...” (Stats. 1982, ch. 1293, p. 4783) because: “The existing provisions of law are inequitable relative to the sentences for residential burglary and have contributed to the dramatic increases in violent residential burglaries. In order to remedy this situation as soon as possible, it is necessary that this act become effective immediately.”

Residential burglary is first degree burglary punishable by two, four, or six years. (§§ 460, 461.) Before enactment of section 213.5, a court could only sentence a residential robber to two, three or five years. Despite a residential robber’s greater potential for violence, the sentence for just entering an inhabited dwelling, occupied or not, was greater than the sentence for robbing the victim in his own residence. Viewing this sentencing inequity as partially responsible for the dramatic increase in violent residential robberies, the Legislature enacted section 213.5 to deter residential robberies by equalizing the robbery and burglary statutes. It did not express the intent to reserve these protections for house dwellers only. Intending to implement sentencing equity, the Legislature would not equalize sentences under sections 213.5 and 460, while severely limiting the circumstances to which section 213.5 applies. Creation of parallel sentencing statutes for residential robbery and burglary requires a similarity of both terms of punishment and application. The same meanings should apply to the identical language in both statutes.

In section 460, “inhabited dwelling house” means a structure where people ordinarily live and which is currently being used for dwelling purposes. (People v. Guthrie (1983) 144 Cal.App.3d 832, 838, 848 [193 Cal.Rptr. 54].) A place is an inhabited dwelling if a person with possessory rights uses the place as sleeping quarters intending to continue doing so in the future. (Id.; People v. Cardona (1983) 142 Cal.App.3d 481, 484 [191 Cal.Rptr. 109].) There may be more than one dwelling under the same roof. *988 Apartments and hotel rooms may be the dwelling house of persons living in them. (People v. St. Clair (1869) 38 Cal. 137.)

The burglary statutes make no distinction between the character of a burglary of an “inhabited dwelling place” and of an “inhabited portion of any other building.” (People v. O’Bryan (1985) 37 Cal.3d 841, 844 [210 Cal.Rptr. 450, 694 P.2d 135].) These burglaries have the same character regardless of the structure in which they occur. (See also Wyatt v. State (1971) 4 Tenn.Crim. 1 [467 S.W.2d 811] [hotel room]; Herbert v. State (Fla.App. 1983) 439 So.2d 971 [motel room]; People v. Germany (1978) 41 Colo.App. 304 [586 P.2d 1006] [hospital room]; Jones v. State (Ind.App. 1983) 457 N.E.2d 231 [three-room log cabin]; State v. Auger (Mo. 1968) 434 S.W.2d 1 [apartment]; Bacon v. State (1952) 85 Ga.App. 630 [70 S.E.2d 54] [roominghouse]; Sallee v. State (1931) 51 Okla.Crim. 414 [1 P.2d 794] [bunkhouse].)

Historically and traditionally, hotel rooms have been included within the definition of a dwelling house. (Perkins, Criminal Law (3d ed. 1982) p. 257.) We are convinced the Legislature intended the same result under section 213.5. Accordingly, we hold that the term “inhabited dwelling house” in section 213.5 includes the “inhabited portion of any other building.”

II

Fleetwood contends the court’s instruction erroneously equated “occupation” with “inhabitance.” However, the court’s instructions do not equate these terms. In defining “inhabited dwelling” for burglary, the court used “occupation” only to instruct on the necessity of having a current resident. A “dwelling,” unoccupied by a person currently using it for living and sleeping, is not a “dwelling” under the burglary statute. (People v. Cardona, supra, 142 Cal.App.3d at pp. 483-484.) The correctness of the court’s use of “occupancy” within the context of the instructions as a whole is shown by its properly stating “dwelling” status was unaffected by the temporary absence of the occupant. Although the court made this distinction less clearly when it later defined “inhabited dwelling” for robbery, the court said the definition was the same for both robbery and burglary. The court’s statements as a whole properly instructed the jury on robbery of an inhabited dwelling.

III

Fleetwood claims the evidence does not support the jury’s finding Ms. B. resided in the hotel room. He asserts the fact the room was furnished *989 with only two mattresses and a television set shows it was not a dwelling, but a place of business. However, Ms. B. testified:

“Q. How long had you been staying [at the hotel] at [the time of the robbery]?
“A. A week, maybe two.
“Q. You actually were living there at that point?
“A. Yeah, Yes.
“Miss B[.], were you residing in room 217 when this occurred?
“A. Yes, sir.
“Q. And how long had you been staying in that particular room prior to that evening?
“A. About a week, a week and a half.”

The night manager for the hotel testified Ms. B. was staying at the hotel, paying as much as two weeks rent in advance. We must view the “evidence in the light most favorable to [the] respondent and presume in support of the judgment the existence of every fact the trier could reasonably deduce from the evidence.” (People v. Johnson (1980) 26 Cal.3d 557, 576 [162 Cal.Rptr. 431, 606 P.2d 738, 16 A.L.R.4th 1255].) Although Ms. B. clearly engaged in acts of prostitution on the premises, the jury had substantial and sufficient evidence to find she also resided therein.

IV

Fleetwood contends he was denied effective assistance of counsel. He claims his attorney acted improperly by agreeing to the court’s instruction an inhabited hotel room was an inhabited dwelling house, and by specifically requesting the court not instruct the jury on any possible lesser included offenses.

All defendants are entitled to adequate legal counsel. (People v. Pope (1979) 23 Cal.3d 412, 424 [152 Cal.Rptr. 732, 590 P.2d 859, 2 A.L.R.4th 1].) However, the defendant has the burden of proving his counsel failed to act as would reasonably competent attorneys diligently advocating their client’s rights. (Id., at p. 425.)

*990 Here, the court had denied Fleetwood’s motion to dismiss the section 213.5 allegation before trial. At trial, Fleetwood offered an alibi defense, denying any involvement in the crimes alleged. On this basis, Fleet-wood’s counsel declined the court’s offer to instruct on lesser included offenses:

“The Court: . . . And from our discussions and based upon the nature of the case and the defense offered, is it your conclusion, . . . that there be no instructions concerning any possible related lesser offenses?
“[Counsel]: Your honor, in this matter, since we have offered an alibi defense and Mr. Fleetwood has denied any commission in the situation, we would ask the court not to include any related or lesser included offenses as an alternative to those that are charged in the information.”

The record reveals Fleetwood’s counsel made a knowledgeable tactical choice. Fleetwood does not show his counsel failed to act as a reasonably competent attorney nor that his actions precluded a potentially successful defense. (See generally People v. Fosselman (1983) 33 Cal.3d 572 [189 Cal.Rptr. 855, 659 P.2d 1144].)

In light of our upholding the correctness of the court’s instruction regarding inhabited dwelling houses, any possible error by counsel in failing to object to this instruction did not prejudice Fleetwood’s defense in any manner.

The judgment is affirmed.

Staniforth, Acting P. J., and Butler, J., concurred.

A petition for a rehearing was denied September 27, 1985, and appellant’s petition for review by the Supreme Court was denied December 18, 1985.

*

Assigned by the Chairperson of the Judicial Council.

1

All statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise specified.

2

Section 460, subdivision (1) reads: “Every burglary of an inhabited dwelling house or trailer coach as defined by the Vehicle Code, or the inhabited portion of any other building, is burglary of the first degree.”

3

The Legislature placed robbery statutes in title 8 of the Penal Code addressing crimes against the person rather than in title 13, crimes against property (People v. Guerin, supra, 22 Cal.App.3d at p. 782).

4

Robbery is punishable for two, three or five years (§ 213), unless the victim is “performing his duties as operator of any motor vehicle, streetcar, or trackless trolley used for the transportation of persons for hire” (§ 211a), or the robbery is “perpetrated in an inhabited dwelling house or trailer coach as defined in the Vehicle Code” (§ 213.5). Sentences for these circumstances are for three, four or six years.

Cites, in this corpus

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