Opinion

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 FERNANDO ALFONSO VALENTE Case No.: 3:26-cv-03683-RBM-SBC FERNANDEZ, 12 ORDER GRANTING AMENDED Petitioner, 13 PETITION FOR WRIT OF HABEAS v. CORPUS 14 WARDEN OF OTAY MESA 15 [Doc. 6] DETENTION CENTER, et al., 16 Respondents. 17 18 19 Pending before the Court is Petitioner Fernando Alfonso Valente Fernandez’s 20 (“Petitioner”) Amended Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus (“Amended Petition”). (Doc. 21 6.) For the reasons set forth below, the Amended Petition (Doc. 6) is GRANTED. 22 I. BACKGROUND 23 Petitioner, a citizen of Venezuela, entered the United States seeking asylum on or 24 around September 22, 2023. (Doc. 6 at 4.) Petitioner was arrested and detained “almost 25 immediately.” (Id.) After four days in detention, U.S. Immigration and Customs 26 Enforcement (“ICE”) released Petitioner from custody. (Id.) After his release, Petitioner 27 was issued a social security number, a valid work permit, and a driver’s license. (Id.) 28 On May 18, 2026, Petitioner was re-detained “by six or seven armed, masked ICE 1 agents . . . at a Chevron gas station in the San Marcos/Escondido area of San Diego 2 County.” (Id.) Despite showing the ICE agents his social security card, work permit, and 3 driver’s license, ICE took Petitioner into custody and obtained his fingerprints and 4 biographical information. (Id.) After being detained for about five or six hours, Petitioner 5 was “released and informed that he had to appear in immigration court in San Diego on 6 May 20, 2026.” (Id.) Petitioner “told the ICE agents that he could not appear in San Diego 7 on May 20, 2026, because he had a hearing in Chicago, IL, on May 26, 2026.” (Id.) 8 Petitioner attended his immigration hearing in Chicago on May 26, 2026, but did not appear 9 for his immigration hearing in San Diego on May 20, 2026. (Id.) 10 On May 20, 2026, Petitioner learned he had been ordered removed through the EOIR 11 mobile application. (Id.) Petitioner appealed the immigration judge’s (“IJ”) removal order 12 with the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) on June 29, 2026, and his appeal remains 13 pending. (Id. at 6.) 14 On June 6, 2026, Petitioner was re-detained as he “was getting ready to leave his 15 apartment complex’s parking lot for work.” (Id.) “When he asked the agents why he was 16 being arrested again, he was told it was because there was a removal order filed in his 17 case.” (Id.) Petitioner “was not shown any paperwork authorizing his arrest, nor was he 18 told that he had a right to see an immigration judge prior to being detained again.” (Id.) 19 Instead, Petitioner was “told that he had no right to see a judge, and that he had to go with 20 them.” (Id.) “On June 7, 2026, without seeing an immigration judge to contest the 21 detention, [Petitioner] was transported to” the Otay Mesa Detention Center. (Id.) 22 On June 23, 2026, Petitioner, proceeding pro se, commenced this action by filing a 23 Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus Under 28 U.S.C. § 2241 (“Petition”). (Doc. 1.) The 24 Court referred the Petition to Federal Defenders of San Diego, Inc. for evaluation. (Doc. 25 4 at 1.) Pursuant to Chief Judge Order 134-A, Federal Defenders referred this case for 26 representation by CJA Panel attorney, Heather L. Beugen. (Doc. 8 at 1; see Doc. 9.) On 27 July 31, 2026, Petitioner, by and through counsel filed the Amended Petition. (Doc. 6.) 28 Pursuant to this Court’s Order (see Doc. 9), Respondents filed a Response on August 1 14, 2026. (Doc. 10.) Petitioner filed a Traverse on August 26, 2026 (Doc. 11), along with 2 a Request to Excuse Counsel’s Late Filing of the Traverse (Doc. 13).1 3 II. LEGAL STANDARD 4 A writ of habeas corpus is “available to every individual detained within the United 5 States.” Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, 542 U.S. 507, 525 (2004) (citing U.S. Const., Art. I, § 9, cl. 2). 6 “The essence of habeas corpus is an attack by a person in custody upon the legality of that 7 custody, and . . . the traditional function of the writ is to secure release from illegal 8 custody.” Preiser v. Rodriguez, 411 U.S. 475, 484 (1973). “Writs of habeas corpus may 9 be granted by the Supreme Court, any justice thereof, the district courts and any circuit 10 judge within their respective jurisdictions.” 28 U.S.C. § 2241(a). The petitioner bears the 11 burden of demonstrating that “[h]e is in custody in violation of the Constitution or laws or 12 treaties of the United States.” Id. § 2241(c)(3). 13 III. DISCUSSION 14 Petitioner claims his immigration detention violates the Administrative Procedures 15 Act and the Fifth Amendment’s Due Process Clause because ICE failed to comply with its 16 own regulations in revoking his parole under 8 C.F.R. § 212.5. (Doc. 6 at 6.) Respondents 17 argue that Petitioner is properly detained under 8 U.S.C. §1231 because he was ordered 18 removed in absentia and is therefore subject to a final order of removal. (Doc. 10 at 2.) 19 As the statutory provision governing Petitioner’s detention determines what 20 procedures Respondents must follow, the Court will address this issue first. 21 A. Detention Authority 22 “Section 1226(a) . . . applies only while ‘a decision on whether the [noncitizen] is to 23 be removed from the United States’ is ‘pending’. . . .” Padilla-Ramirez v. Bible, 882 F.3d 24 826, 831 (9th Cir. 2017) (quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1226(a)). “Once [a noncitizen] has a final 25 removal order that is not subject to a judicial stay, detention authority shifts to 8 U.S.C. 26 27 1 For good cause shown, the Court GRANTS Petitioner’s Request to Excuse Counsel’s 28 1 § 1231(a).” Rodriguez Diaz v. Garland, 53 F.4th 1189, 1197 (9th Cir. 2022). Section 2 1231(a) “governs the detention, release, and removal of individuals ‘ordered removed.’” 3 Johnson v. Arteaga-Martinez, 596 U.S. 573, 578 (2022). This statute directs the Attorney 4 General of the United States to effect the removal of a noncitizen from this country “within 5 a period of 90 days,” also known as the “removal period.” 8 U.S.C. § 1231(a)(1)(A). 6 Section 1231 defines the “removal period” within which the government “shall detain [a 7 noncitizen]” as a 90-day period beginning on the latest of: 8 (i) The date the order of removal becomes administratively final.

9 (ii) If the removal order is judicially reviewed and if a court orders a stay of 10 the removal of the [noncitizen], the date of the court’s final order.

11 (iii) If the [noncitizen] is detained or confined (except under an immigration 12 process), the date the [noncitizen] is released from detention or confinement.

14 8 U.S.C. § 1231(a)(1)(B). Noncitizens who are inadmissible “may be detained beyond the 15 [90-day] removal period,” but § 1231 does not mandate their detention. Id. § 1231(a)(6). 16 Instead, the statute is limited to “a period reasonably necessary to bring about [the 17 noncitizen’s] removal from the United States” and “does not permit indefinite detention.” 18 Zadvydas v. Davis, 533 U.S. 678, 689 (2001). 19 When a removal order is entered in absentia, the order becomes administratively 20 final immediately upon entry of the order. 8 C.F.R. § 1241.1(e). The Ninth Circuit, 21 however, has held that an in absentia removal order becomes final upon the earlier of: (1) 22 the expiration of the 180-day period to file a motion to reopen; or (2) when the BIA affirms 23 the order. Cui v. Garland, 13 F.4th 991, 996 (9th Cir. 2021). “Because in absentia removal 24 orders may not be appealed to the BIA without first filing a motion to reopen the order 25 before the IJ within 180 days of the order, . . . if the petitioner does not timely file such a 26 motion before the IJ[,] the order becomes final at the end of the 180-day period.” Id. 27 (internal citations omitted)). 28 In this case, Petitioner was ordered removed in absentia on May 20, 2026. (See Doc. 1 6 at 5.) The 180-day period will therefore expire on November 16, 2026. Although 2 Petitioner appealed the IJ’s removal order with the BIA on June 29, 2026, nothing in the 3 record indicates that Petitioner has moved to reopen his immigration case before the IJ. 4 (See Doc. 12, Ex. A at 1.) However, because the 180-day period has not yet passed, 5 Petitioner’s in absentia removal order has not become administratively final. Accordingly, 6 Petitioner’s detention not governed by § 1231(a)(6). See Singh v. Warden of Golden State 7 Annex Facility, No. 1:26-CV-04514-KES-FJS (HC), 2026 WL 2078193, at *2 (E.D. Cal. 8 July 18, 2026) (finding an in absentia removal order was not final where the 180-day period 9 to file a motion to reopen with the IJ had not expired). 10 B. Due Process 11 Petitioner contends that his re-detention violated the Fifth Amendment’s Due 12 Process Clause because “Respondent did not provide ‘proper notice, reasoning, and a pre- 13 deprivation hearing’ before ICE agents unilaterally revoked [his] parole.” (Doc. 6 at 10.) 14 Respondents do not address these arguments. (See generally Doc. 10.) 15 This Court has granted several habeas petitions filed by similarly situated petitioners 16 who were released from ICE detention on humanitarian or conditional parole and later re- 17 detained. In Perez v. LaRose, the Court applied the due process inquiry in Mathews v. 18 Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319 (1976) and found “all three factors support a finding that 19 Respondents’ revocation of Petitioner’s parole [§ 1182(d)(5)(A)] without reasoning or an 20 opportunity to be heard deprived Petitioner of his due process rights.” Case No.: 3:25-cv- 21 02620-RBM-JLB, 2025 WL 3171742, at *5 (S.D. Cal. Nov. 13, 2025); see also Faizyan v. 22 Casey, Case No.: 3:25-cv-02884-RBM-JLB, 2025 WL 3208844, at *7 (S.D. Cal. Nov. 17, 23 2025) (reaching the same conclusion as to the revocation of a petitioner’s conditional 24 parole under § 1226(a)); Chirnos De Hernandez v. LaRose, Case No. 3:26-CV-03629- 25 RBM-SBC (S.D. Cal., Aug. 4, 2026), ECF No. 7 at 4–6 (finding a due process violation 26 where the petitioner was released under an unspecified form of parole); accord Wang v. 27 LaRose, Case No.: 3:26-cv-01130-BTM-BJW, 2026 WL 773085, at *2 3 (S.D. Cal. Mar. 28 18, 2026) (finding a petitioner’s release on an unspecified form of parole created a 1 protectable liberty interest even where the record did not reflect the government’s reason 2 for granting parole). The Court concluded the petitioner’s detention was unlawful “because 3 Respondents detained [the petitioner] by revoking his parole in violation of the Due Process 4 Clause.” Perez, 2025 WL 3171742, at *5. 5 “While the in absentia order of removal may be relevant to a neutral decisionmaker’s 6 determination as to whether petitioner is entitled to bond, it does not eliminate petitioner’s 7 due process right to a such determination.” Singh, 2026 WL 2078193, at *2 (citing E.A. 8 T.-B. v. Wamsley, 795 F. Supp. 3d 1316, 1322 (W.D. Wash. 2025)). 9 In this case, Petitioner was apprehended upon his arrival to the United States in 10 September 2023 and released from his initial detention on parole. (See Doc. 1 at 1–2 & 11 n.2.) Petitioner was later re-detained in May 2026 and once again released from ICE 12 custody. (See id. at 5.) While the Government’s reasons for releasing Petitioner in 13 September 2023 and May 2026 remain unclear, “[r]elease reflects a determination by the 14 government that the noncitizen is not a danger to the community or a flight risk.” Saravia 15 v. Sessions, 280 F. Supp. 3d 1168, 1176 (N.D. Cal. 2017); see Pinchi v. Noem, 792 F. Supp. 16 3d 1025, 1034 (N.D. Cal. 2025) (“As ICE was not authorized to release [Petitioner] if [he] 17 was a danger to the community or a flight risk, the Court must infer from [Petitioner’s] 18 release that ICE determined [he] was neither.”). 19 Before he was re-detained in June 2026, Petitioner lived in the United States for over 20 two years, was able to apply for immigration relief, was granted work authorization, 21 maintained steady employment, and “has remained law-abiding.” (Doc. 1 at 4–5.) 22 Respondents therefore implicitly promised Petitioner’s continued release, and he 23 reasonably relied on that promise. See Pinchi, 792 F. Supp. 3d at 1034 (citing Morrissey 24 v. Brewer, 408 U.S. 471, 482 (1972)); Wang, 2026 WL 773085, at *2. “Since DHS’s initial 25 determination that Petitioner should be paroled because [he] posed no danger to the 26 community and was not a flight risk, there is no evidence that these findings have changed.” 27 Salazar v. Casey, Case No.: 25-CV-2784 JLS (VET), 2025 WL 3063629, at *4 (S.D. Cal. 28 Nov. 3, 2025). Petitioner also alleges, and Respondents do not dispute, that he was not 1 provided with an individualized determination or an opportunity to be heard before he was 2 re-detained. (See Doc. 1 at 5–6; see generally Doc. 10.) Respondents therefore “violated 3 . . . Petitioner’s due process rights by ‘detaining [him] without justification.’” Zamudio 4 Rangel v. LaRose, Case No.: 3:26-cv-01505-BTM BJW, 2026 WL 1075244, at *2 (S.D. 5 Cal. Apr. 20, 2026) (quoting Mohammed H. v. Trump, 786 F. Supp. 3d 1149, 1158 (D. 6 Minn. 2025)) (finding a petitioner previously released under an unspecified form of parole 7 was entitled to release where “Respondents [did] not contend that any changed 8 circumstances warranted Petitioner’s redetention or that [she was] a danger to the 9 community or a flight risk.”) 10 The Court therefore adopts its reasoning in its previous cases and applies it here. See 11 Perez, 2025 WL 3171742, at *5; Faizyan, 2025 WL 3208844, at *7; Chirnos De 12 Hernandez, Case No. 3:26-CV-03629-RBM-SBC (S.D. Cal., Aug. 4, 2026), ECF No. 7 at 13 4–6. For those same reasons, Petitioner’s re-detention without a pre-deprivation or bond 14 hearing violated the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment and rendered his 15 detention unlawful.2 16 IV. CONCLUSION 17 Based on the foregoing reasons, the Court orders as follows: 18 1. Petitioner’s Request to Excuse to Excuse Counsel’s Late Filing (Doc. 13) is 19 GRANTED.. 20 2. The Amended Petition (Doc. 6) is GRANTED. 21 3. The Government is ORDERED to immediately release the noncitizen from 22 custody, subject to the same preexisting conditions of release. 23 4. The Court ORDERS that, prior to any re-detention of the noncitizen, the 24 noncitizen shall receive notice of the reasons for revocation of her release and a 25 hearing before an immigration judge to determine whether detention is 26 27 2 In light of the disposition herein, the Court declines to address the Petition’s remaining 28 1 warranted. 2 5. At any such hearing, the noncitizen bears the burden of demonstrating, by a 3 preponderance of the evidence, that she is not a danger to the community or a 4 flight risk. See Rodriguez Diaz v. Garland, 53 F.4th 1189, 1197 (9th Cir. 2022). 5 IT IS SO ORDERED. 6 || DATE: September 1, 2026 HON. RUTH BERMUDEZ MONTENEGRO UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28