Opinion

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 ABDUL NASIR MORO, Case No.: 26cv3741-LL-AHG 12 Petitioner, ORDER GRANTING AMENDED 13 v. PETITION FOR WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS UNDER 28 U.S.C. § 2241 14 MARKWAYNE MULLIN, Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security, et 15 al., [ECF No. 8] 16 Respondents. 17 18 19 Before the Court is Petitioner Abdul Nasir Moro’s Amended Petition for Writ of 20 Habeas Corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2241. ECF No. 8 (“Pet.”). Respondents filed an 21 Amended Response [ECF No. 10], and Petitioner filed a Traverse [ECF No. 11]. For the 22 reasons set forth below, the Court GRANTS the Amended Petition. 23 I. BACKGROUND 24 Petitioner is a citizen of Ghana who came to the United States in October 2023 25 seeking asylum. Pet. at 2; ECF No. 10-1 at 2. He was initially detained and then paroled 26 into the country to allow him to apply for asylum. Id. He received a work permit and 27 attended all of his court dates and check-in appointments. Id.; ECF No. 8-1 ¶ 3. 28 / / / 1 In March 2026, Petitioner was detained by immigration authorities and eventually 2 transferred to Imperial Regional Detention Facility. Pet. at 2–3. Immigration authorities 3 did not tell Petitioner why his parole had been revoked or give him an opportunity to contest 4 his detention. Id. at 3; ECF No. 8-1 ¶ 5. 5 On July 8, 2026, Petitioner filed the instant Amended Petition. Pet. 6 II. LEGAL STANDARD 7 A district court may grant a writ of habeas corpus when a petitioner “is in custody 8 in violation of the Constitution or laws or treaties of the United States.” 28 U.S.C. 9 § 2241(c); Magana-Pizano v. I.N.S., 200 F.3d 603, 609 (9th Cir. 1999) (“28 U.S.C. § 2241 10 expressly permits the federal courts to grant writs of habeas corpus to aliens when those 11 aliens are ‘in custody in violation of the Constitution or laws or treaties of the United 12 States.’”). In federal habeas proceedings, the petitioner bears the burden of proving his case 13 by a preponderance of evidence. Lambert v. Blodgett, 393 F.3d 943, 970 n.16 14 (9th Cir. 2004); Bellew v. Gunn, 532 F.2d 1288, 1290 (9th Cir. 1976) (citations omitted). 15 III. DISCUSSION 16 Petitioner alleges that his re-detention without notice and a hearing violates the Fifth 17 Amendment’s Due Process Clause, the Administrative Procedure Act, and ICE regulations. 18 Pet. at 3–7. 19 Respondents acknowledge that Petitioner was previously released from immigration 20 custody on conditional parole issued under 8 U.S.C. § 1226(a), but contend that Petitioner 21 is subject to mandatory detention under § 1225(b)(2). ECF No. 10 at 2. Nevertheless, 22 Respondents state that based on prior decisions by courts in this district with facts that are 23 not materially distinguishable from this case, they do not oppose the petition and defer to 24 the Court on the appropriate relief. Id. at 2–3. 25 A. Detention Statute 26 The Court finds Petitioner is wrongfully detained under 8 U.S.C. § 1225(b)(2). As a 27 noncitizen who, at the time of his detention, had been present in the United States for about 28 two and a half years, Petitioner was and is subject to 8 U.S.C. § 1226(a), which states that 1 a noncitizen “may be arrested and detained pending a decision on whether the [noncitizen] 2 is to be removed from the United States.” 8 U.S.C. § 1226(a). By contrast, 8 U.S.C 3 § 1225(b) applies to noncitizens arriving at the border or who very recently entered the 4 United States. See Rodriguez Vazquez v. Bostock, No. 25-6842, 2026 WL 2196424, at *26 5 (9th Cir. July 30, 2026); Beltran v. Noem, No. 25CV2650-LL-DEB, 2025 WL 3078837, at 6 *4–7 (S.D. Cal. Nov. 4, 2025). 7 B. Due Process Clause 8 The Fifth Amendment guarantees that no person shall be “deprived of life, liberty, 9 or property, without due process of law.” U.S. Const. amend. V. “It is well established that 10 the Fifth Amendment entitles aliens to due process of law in deportation proceedings.” 11 Demore v. Kim, 538 U.S. 510, 523 (2003) (citing Reno v. Flores, 507 U.S. 292, 306 12 (1993)). “An elementary and fundamental requirement of due process in any proceeding 13 which is to be accorded finality is notice reasonably calculated, under all the circumstances, 14 to apprise interested parties of the pendency of the action and afford them an opportunity 15 to present their objections.” Mullane v. Cent. Hanover Bank & Tr. Co., 339 U.S. 306, 314 16 (1950) (citations omitted). The Due Process Clause generally “requires some kind of a 17 hearing before the State deprives a person of liberty or property.” Zinermon v. Burch, 494 18 U.S. 113, 127 (1990). “The fundamental requirement of due process is the opportunity to 19 be heard at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner.” Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 20 U.S. 319, 333 (1976) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). 21 The Court finds that having been previously released on conditional parole, 22 Petitioner has a protected liberty interest in remaining free from detention. “Even 23 individuals who face significant constraints on their liberty or over whose liberty the 24 government wields significant discretion retain a protected interest in their liberty.” Pinchi 25 v. Noem, 792 F. Supp. 3d 1025, 1032 (N.D. Cal. 2025) (citations omitted). Although the 26 initial decision to detain or release an individual may be within the government’s 27 discretion, “the government’s decision to release an individual from custody creates ‘an 28 implicit promise,’ upon which that individual may rely, that their liberty ‘will be revoked 1 only if [they] fail[] to live up to the . . . conditions [of release].’” Id. (quoting Morrissey v. 2 Brewer, 408 U.S. 471, 482 (1972)) (alterations in original). 3 As Petitioner has a protected liberty interest, the Due Process Clause requires 4 procedural protections before he can be deprived of that interest. See Mathews, 424 U.S. 5 at 334–35. To determine which procedures are constitutionally sufficient to satisfy the Due 6 Process Clause, the Court considers the following factors: (1) “the private interest that will 7 be affected by the official action”; (2) “the risk of an erroneous deprivation of such interest 8 through the procedures used, and the probable value, if any, of additional or substitute 9 procedural safeguards”; and (3) “the [g]overnment’s interest, including the function 10 involved and the fiscal and administrative burdens that the additional or substitute 11 procedural requirement would entail.” Id. at 335. 12 The Court finds that all three factors support a finding that the government’s 13 revocation of Petitioner’s parole without notification, reasoning, or an opportunity to be 14 heard denied Petitioner of his due process rights. First, as discussed above, Petitioner has 15 a significant liberty interest in remaining out of custody. See Pinchi, 792 F. Supp. 3d 16 at 1032 (“Thus, even when ICE has the initial discretion to detain or release a noncitizen 17 pending removal proceedings, after that individual is released from custody she has a 18 protected liberty interest in remaining out of custody.” (citations omitted)). Freedom from 19 detention is a fundamental part of due process protection. See Hernandez v. Sessions, 872 20 F.3d 976, 993 (9th Cir. 2017) (“[F]reedom from imprisonment is at the ‘core of the liberty 21 protected by the Due Process Clause.’” (quoting Foucha v. Louisiana, 504 U.S. 71, 80 22 (1992))). 23 Second, the risk of an erroneous deprivation of such interest is high as Petitioner’s 24 parole was revoked without providing him a reason for revocation or giving him an 25 opportunity to be heard. Since the initial determination that Petitioner should be released 26 on parole because he posed no danger to the community and was not a flight risk, there is 27 no evidence that these findings have changed. See Saravia v. Sessions, 280 28 F. Supp. 3d 1168, 1176 (N.D. Cal. 2017), aff’d sub nom. Saravia for A.H. v. Sessions, 905 1 F.3d 1137 (9th Cir. 2018) (“Release reflects a determination by the government that the 2 noncitizen is not a danger to the community or a flight risk.”). There is no indication that 3 Petitioner has failed to abide by the conditions of his release or that circumstances have 4 changed. “Once a noncitizen has been released, the law prohibits federal agents from 5 rearresting him merely because he is subject to removal proceedings.” Saravia, 280 6 F. Supp. 3d at 1176. “Rather, the federal agents must be able to present evidence of 7 materially changed circumstances—namely, evidence that the noncitizen is in fact 8 dangerous or has become a flight risk . . . .” Id. The risk of erroneous deprivation of 9 Petitioner’s liberty is high because neither the government nor Petitioner has had an 10 opportunity to determine whether there is any valid basis for his detention. Pinchi, 792 11 F. Supp. 3d at 1035 (citation omitted). It follows that the probable value of additional 12 procedural safeguards, such as notice and a pre-deprivation hearing, is also high. 13 Third, the government’s interest in detaining Petitioner without notice, reasoning, 14 and a hearing is low. See Pinchi, 792 F. Supp. 3d at 1036 (“[T]he government has 15 articulated no legitimate interest that would support arresting [petitioner] without a pre- 16 detention hearing.”); Alvarenga Matute v. Wofford, 807 F. Supp. 3d 1120, 1130 (E.D. Cal. 17 2025); Ortega v. Bonnar, 415 F. Supp. 3d 963, 970 (N.D. Cal. 2019) (“If the government 18 wishes to re-arrest [petitioner] at any point, it has the power to take steps toward doing so; 19 but its interest in doing so without a hearing is low.”). There is also no indication that 20 providing a pre-deprivation hearing would be fiscally or administratively burdensome on 21 the government. See Pinchi, 792 F. Supp. 3d at 1036 (“In immigration court, custody 22 hearings are routine and impose a minimal cost.” (quoting Singh v. Andrews, 803 F. Supp. 23 3d 1035, 1048 (E.D. Cal. 2025))). 24 Therefore, because Respondents detained Petitioner by revoking his parole without 25 notice or a pre-deprivation hearing in violation of the Due Process Clause, his detention is 26 unlawful. See, e.g., Sanchez v. LaRose, No. 25-CV-2396-JES-MMP, 2025 WL 2770629, 27 at *4 (S.D. Cal. Sep. 26, 2025) (finding the petitioner’s parole was revoked without notice 28 and a hearing and without a showing of a change of circumstances, thus violating her due 1 process rights and rendering her detention unlawful). The proper remedy for the unlawful 2 detention is Petitioner’s immediate release subject only to the conditions of his preexisting 3 parole. See Noori v. LaRose, 807 F. Supp. 3d 1146, 1156 (S.D. Cal. 2025) (finding DHS 4 violated the petitioner’s due process rights by revoking his parole without notice or a 5 hearing and ordering his immediate release); Sanchez, 2025 WL 2770629, at *5 (same); 6 Ortega, 415 F. Supp. 3d at 970 (ordering immediate release after the petitioner was 7 detained while out on bond without notice or pre-deprivation hearing). 8 Accordingly, the Court GRANTS the Amended Petition.1 9 IV. CONCLUSION 10 For the reasons above, the Court ORDERS: 11 1. Petitioner’s Amended Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus is GRANTED. 12 2. Respondents shall immediately release Petitioner from custody subject only 13 to the conditions of his preexisting parole. 14 3. Prior to any re-detention of Petitioner, he is entitled to notice of the reasons 15 for revocation of his parole and a hearing before a neutral immigration judge to determine 16 whether detention is warranted. At such a hearing, the government shall bear the burden of 17 establishing, by clear and convincing evidence, that Petitioner poses a danger to the 18 community or a risk of flight. See Martinez Hernandez v. Andrews, 19 No. 1:25-CV-01035 JLT HBK, 2025 WL 2495767, at *14 (E.D. Cal. Aug. 28, 2025) 20 (finding that the petitioner’s initial release “reflected a determination by the government 21 that the noncitizen is not a danger to the community or a flight risk” and so if the 22 government initiates re-detention, “it follows that the government should be required to 23 bear the burden of providing a justification for the re-detention”); Pinchi, 792 F. Supp. 3d 24 at 1038 (ordering that before the petitioner can be re-detained, she must be provided with 25 26 27 1 Having decided this Petition on due process grounds, the Court declines to address Petitioner’s other grounds for relief. 28 1 ||a pre-detention bond hearing before a neutral immigration judge and that she may not be 2 ||detained “unless the government demonstrates at such a bond hearing, by clear and 3 || convincing evidence, that she is a flight risk or a danger to the community and that no 4 ||conditions other than her detention would be sufficient to prevent such harms”). 5 4. The Clerk of Court shall enter judgment in Petitioner’s favor and close this 6 || case. 7 IT IS SO ORDERED. 8 ||Dated: August 17, 2026 NO 9 DE 10 Honorable Linda Lopez 1 United States District Judge 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28