Opinion

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 LORRIE MANION, Case No.: 26-cv-00898-AJB-MMP 12 Plaintiff, ORDER 13 v. 14 COSTCO WHOLESALE CORPORATION, et al., 15 Defendants. 16 17 18 On February 23, 2026, the Court issued an Order to Show Cause (“OSC”) why the 19 action should not be remanded for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. (Doc. No. 6.) On 20 March 9, 2026, Defendants Costco Wholesale Corporation and Veronic Steed (collectively 21 “Defendants”) filed an amended notice of removal to remedy the deficiencies identified by 22 the Court. (Doc. No. 7.) Specifically, Defendants plead Steed’s citizenship (rather than 23 residency) and add allegations as to Defendant Aaron Campbell, any mention of whom 24 was omitted from the original notice of removal. (Compare Doc. No. 1 with Doc. No. 7 25 ¶¶ 7–9.) On March 16, 2026, Plaintiff Lorrie Manion (“Plaintiff”) filed an opposition to 26 Defendants’ amended notice of removal, arguing that Steed was not fraudulently joined, 27 the complaint states a possible claim against Steed, and thus diversity does not exist. (Doc. 28 No. 8.) Plaintiff does not address Campbell’s citizenship or the amount in controversy. (Id.) 1 With regard to the amount in controversy, based on the record as a whole and 2 Plaintiff’s lack of opposition to this issue, the Court DISCHARGES the OSC as to the 3 amount in controversy. 4 With regard to Campbell, Defendants’ amended notice of removal is still deficient. 5 First, Defendants improperly conflate the need to plead citizenship of all parties with the 6 need to have a notice of removal joined by all served defendants. (See Doc. No. 7 ¶¶ 7–8.) 7 The fact that Campbell has not been served has no bearing on whether his presence destroys 8 diversity jurisdiction. See Clarence E. Morris, Inc. v. Vitek, 412 F.2d 1174, 1176 (9th Cir. 9 1969) (“Whenever federal jurisdiction in a removal case depends upon complete diversity, 10 the existence of diversity is determined from the fact of citizenship of the parties named 11 and not from the fact of service.”). Defendants still fail to allege Campbell’s citizenship as 12 required to properly plead this Court’s jurisdiction. Second, Defendants add that “Aaron 13 Campbell is the General Manager of the Costco warehouse 101 Town Center Pkwy, Santee, 14 CA 92071 and would not have been involved in the subject incident.” (Doc. No. 7 ¶ 9.) 15 However, Defendants fail to address how this assertion bears on citizenship or on the 16 existence of jurisdiction more generally. 17 With regard to Steed, Defendants’ amended notice of removal pleads citizenship 18 properly. (Id. ¶ 5 (“Defendant[] Veronica Steed is a citizen of the state of California.”).) 19 However, as Plaintiff is also a citizen of California, Steed is a non-diverse defendant. 20 Defendants assert—without factual or legal support—that Steed “appears to have been 21 named to create a fraudulent joinder.” (Id. ¶ 6.) In opposition, Plaintiff states that, “[i]n the 22 Complaint, Steed, as the store manager, is named as a defendant in her individual capacity 23 as the Complaint alleges she negligently ‘managed and controlled the premises.’” (Doc. 24 No. 8 at 6.) 25 “There are two ways to establish fraudulent joinder: ‘(1) actual fraud in the pleading 26 of jurisdictional facts, or (2) inability of the plaintiff to establish a cause of action against 27 the non-diverse party in state court.’” Grancare, LLC v. Thrower by & through Mills, 889 28 F.3d 543, 548 (9th Cir. 2018) (quoting Hunter v. Philip Morris USA, 582 F.3d 1039, 1044 1 (9th Cir. 2009)). “Fraudulent joinder is established the second way if a defendant shows 2 that an ‘individual joined in the action cannot be liable on any theory.’” Id. (quoting Ritchey 3 v. Upjohn Drug Co., 139 F.3d 1313, 1318 (9th Cir. 1998)). “[I]f there is a possibility that 4 a state court would find that the complaint states a cause of action against any of the 5 resident defendants, the federal court must find that the joinder was proper and remand the 6 case to the state court.” Hunter, 582 F.3d at 1046. 7 Considering the latter method to establish fraudulent joinder, the complaint at issue 8 asserts two causes of action under California law: (1) negligence and (2) premises liability. 9 (See Doc. No. 1, First Amended Complaint, at 7–12.) “The elements of a negligence claim 10 and a premises liability claim are the same: a legal duty of care, breach of that duty, and 11 proximate cause resulting in injury.” Kesner v. Superior Ct., 1 Cal. 5th 1132, 1158 (2016). 12 “Premises liability ‘is grounded in the possession of the premises and the attendant right to 13 control and manage the premises’; accordingly, ‘mere possession with its attendant right 14 to control conditions on the premises is a sufficient basis for the imposition of an 15 affirmative duty to act.’” Id. (quoting Preston v. Goldman, 42 Cal.3d 108, 118(1986)). 16 “Under California law, a store manager may be held individually liable for negligence.” 17 Padilla v. Costco Wholesale Corp., No. 25-CV-07408-EMC, 2025 WL 3633035, at *2 18 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 15, 2025) (collecting cases); see, e.g., Mackovski v. Costco Wholesale 19 Corp., No. 8:23-CV-02272-FWS-DFM, 2024 WL 2732244, at *3 (C.D. Cal. May 28, 20 2024) (“[D]istrict courts in the Ninth Circuit have specifically allowed a plaintiff to bring 21 premises liability claims against store managers in situations similar to the instant action.”) 22 (collecting cases). “As a result, there is an array of authorities remanding slip-and-fall 23 premises liability cases against nondiverse store managers for lack of fraudulent joinder.” 24 Murdock v. Costco Wholesale Corp., No. EDCV 25-02200-MWF (MBKX), 2025 WL 25 2985227, at *2 (C.D. Cal. Oct. 22, 2025) (collecting cases). 26 Defendants’ amended notice of removal is insufficient to discharge the Court’s OSC 27 with regard to the citizenship of Campbell and Steed. Accordingly, the Show Cause 28 Hearing remains on calendar for March 26, 2026, at 10:00 AM. (See Doc. No. 6.) All 1 appearances must be in person. See J. Battaglia Civ. Case Proc. § II. Defendants must be 2 || prepared to address the following: 3 1. The citizenship of Defendant Aaron Campbell; 4 2. The legal and factual basis for asserting Defendant Veronica Steed was 5 || fraudulently joined; and 6 3. The case law raised both by Plaintiff Lorrie Manion in opposition and the 7 Court herein regarding the standard and applicability of fraudulent joinder to the instant 8 || action. 9 Defendants must be prepared to support factual assertions with competent proof. See 10 || Grancare, LLC, 889 F.3d at 548 (“A defendant invoking federal court diversity jurisdiction 11 the basis of fraudulent joinder bears a ‘heavy burden’ since there is a ‘general 12 || presumption against [finding] fraudulent joinder.’”) (quoting Hunter, 582 F.3d at 1046); 13 || Hamilton Materials, Inc. v. Dow Chem. Corp., 494 F.3d 1203, 1206 (9th Cir. 2007) 14 ||(‘Fraudulent joinder must be proven by clear and convincing evidence.”); see also 15 || Mackovski v. Costco Wholesale Corp., No. 8:23-CV-02272-FWS-DFM, 2024 WL 16 2732244, at *4 (C.D. Cal. May 28, 2024) (addressing evidence required for a finding of 17 || fraudulent joinder); Berryhill v. Costco Wholesale Corp., No. 2:23-CV-00315 WBS AC, 18 WL 3302869, at *2 (E.D. Cal. May 8, 2023) (same). 19 IT ISSO ORDERED. 20 || Dated: March 17, 2026 © 21 Hon, Anthony J.Battaglia 22 United States District Judge 23 24 25 26 27 28