Opinion

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 Case No.: 26CV1121-H (BLM) 11 STRIKE 3 HOLDINGS, LLC, 12 Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING APPLICATION FOR LEAVE TO SERVE A 13 v. THIRD-PARTY SUBPOENA PRIOR TO A RULE 26(f) CONFERENCE 14 JOHN DOE subscriber assigned IP address 76.33.213.0, 15 [ECF No. 4] Defendant. 16 17 18 Currently before the Court is Plaintiff’s March 5, 2026 “ Application for Leave to 19 Serve a Third-Party Subpoena prior to a Rule 26(f) Conference.” ECF No. 4. Because the 20 Defendant has not been identified, no opposition or reply briefs have been filed. Having 21 reviewed Plaintiff’s motion and all supporting documents, the Court GRANTS the motion for the 22 reasons set forth below. 23 BACKGROUND 24 On February 20, 2026, Plaintiff filed a complaint against John Doe alleging direct copyright 25 infringement. ECF No. 1. Plaintiff states that it “is the owner of award-winning, critically 26 acclaimed adult motion pictures.” Id. at 1. Plaintiff alleges that Defendant, who is only known 27 “through his or her IP address 76.33.213.0” is using the BitTorrent protocol to “commit[] 1 rampant and wholesale copyright infringement by downloading [Plaintiff’s] motion pictures as 2 well as distributing them to others.” Id. at 2. Plaintiff describes the BitTorrent File Distribution 3 Network (“BitTorrent”) as “a system designed to quickly distribute large files over the Internet.” 4 Id. at 4. Plaintiff states that BitTorrent allows users “to connect to the computers of other 5 BitTorrent users in order to simultaneously download and upload pieces of the file from and to 6 other users” “without creating a heavy load on any individual source computer and/or network.” 7 Id. Plaintiff further explains the process of distributing a large file through BitTorrent and notes 8 that “[t]o share a movie within the BitTorrent network, a user first uses BitTorrent software to 9 create a .torrent file from the original digital media file” which “breaks the original digital media 10 file down into numerous pieces.”1 Id. This allows the BitTorrent user to “download[] all of the 11 pieces of that digital media file from other BitTorrent users [so that] the digital media file is 12 automatically reassembled into its original form, ready for playing.” Id. at 5. 13 On March 5, 2026, Plaintiff filed the instant motion seeking an order from the Court 14 allowing it to serve a subpoena to Defendant’s Internet Service Provider (“ISP”), Spectrum, 15 seeking Defendant’s true name and address pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 45. ECF 16 No. 4-1. 17 LEGAL STANDARD 18 A. The Cable Privacy Act 19 The Cable Privacy Act generally prohibits cable operators from disclosing personally 20 identifiable information regarding subscribers without the prior written or electronic consent of 21 the subscriber. 47 U.S.C. § 551(c)(1). However, a cable operator may disclose such information 22 if the disclosure is made pursuant to a court order and the cable operator provides the subscriber 23 with notice of the order. 47 U.S.C. §551(c)(2)(B). A cable operator is defined as “any person 24 or group of persons (A) who provides cable service over a cable system and directly or through 25 26 1 Each piece is assigned a unique cryptographic hash value, which is used to properly route the 27 pieces among BitTorrent users. ECF No. 1 at 4-5. “As such, while two identical sets of data will produce the same cryptographic hash value, any change to the underlying data – no matter how 1 one or more affiliates owns a significant interest in such cable system, or (B) who otherwise 2 controls or is responsible for, through any arrangement, the management and operation of such 3 a cable system.” 47 U.S.C. § 522(5). Accordingly, Plaintiff seeks an Order instructing Spectrum 4 to produce documents and information sufficient to identify the user of the specified Internet 5 Protocol (“IP”) address. ECF No. 4-1 at 8. 6 B. Early Discovery 7 A party may not seek discovery from any source before the Rule 26(f) conference unless 8 that party first obtains a stipulation or court order permitting early discovery. Fed. R. Civ. P. 9 26(d)(1). “In the Ninth Circuit, courts use the ‘good cause’ standard to determine whether 10 discovery should be allowed to proceed prior to a Rule 26(f) conference.” Synopsys, Inc. v. 11 AzureEngine Technologies, Inc, 401 F.Supp.3d 1068, 1076 (S.D. Cal. 2019) (quoting Rovio 12 Entm’t Ltd. v. Royal Plush Toys, Inc., 907 F.Supp.2d 1086 (N.D. Cal. 2012) (internal quotation 13 marks omitted). “Good cause may be found where the need for expedited discovery, in 14 consideration of the administration of justice, outweighs the prejudice to the responding party.” 15 Semitool, Inc. v. Tokyo Electron America, Inc., 208 F.R.D. 273, 276 (N.D. Cal. 2002). Good 16 cause for expedited discovery has been found in cases involving claims of infringement and 17 unfair competition or in cases where the plaintiff seeks a preliminary injunction. Id. In 18 infringement cases, expedited discovery is frequently limited to allowing plaintiffs to identify Doe 19 defendants. See Strike 3 Holdings, LLC v. Doe, 2021 WL 1853594, at *4 (S.D. Cal. May 7, 2021) 20 (granting leave to take expedited discovery for documents that would reveal the identity and 21 contact information for each Doe defendant). 22 District courts in the Ninth Circuit apply a three-factor test when considering motions for 23 expedited discovery to identify certain defendants. Id. at *2 (citing Columbia Ins. Co. v. 24 Seescandy.com, 185 F.R.D. 573, 578-80 (N.D. Cal. 1999)). First, the plaintiff should “identify 25 the missing party with sufficient specificity such that the court can determine that the defendant 26 is a real person or entity who could be sued in federal court.” Columbia Ins. Co., 185 F.R.D. at 27 578. Second, the plaintiff must describe “all previous steps taken to locate the elusive 1 at 579. Third, plaintiff should establish that its lawsuit could withstand a motion to dismiss. Id. 2 DISCUSSION 3 A. Identification of Doe Defendant with Sufficient Specificity 4 First, Plaintiff must identify the Doe defendant with sufficient specificity to enable the 5 Court to determine that the Doe defendant is a real person subject to the Court’s jurisdiction. 6 Id. at 578. “Some district courts in the Ninth Circuit have determined that a plaintiff identifies 7 Doe defendants with sufficient specificity by providing the unique IP addresses assigned to an 8 individual defendant on the day of the allegedly infringing conduct, and by using ‘geolocation 9 technology’ to trace the IP addresses to a physical point of origin.” 808 Holdings, LLC v. 10 Collective of Dec. 29, 2011 Sharing Hash E37917C8EEB4585E6421358FF32F29C D63C23C91, 11 2012 WL 12884688, at *4 (S.D. Cal. May 8, 2012); see e.g., OpenMind Sols., Inc. v. Does 1-39, 12 2011 WL 4715200, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 7, 2011) (finding plaintiff met its burden to identify the 13 Doe defendants with sufficient specificity by identifying the unique IP addresses of individuals 14 engaged in BitTorrent protocol and using geolocation technology to trace the IP addresses to a 15 point of origin within the state of California); Pink Lotus Entm't, LLC v. Does 1-46, 2011 WL 16 2470986, at *3 (N.D. Cal. June 21, 2011) (same). “Others have found that merely identifying 17 the IP addresses assigned to the defendants on the day of the purported infringement is 18 sufficient to satisfy the first factor.” 808 Holdings, LLC, 2012 WL 12884688, at *4; see e.g., First 19 Time Videos, LLC v. Does, 2011 WL 1431619, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 14, 2011) (“First Time Videos 20 has identified the Doe defendants with sufficient specificity by submitting a chart listing each of 21 the defendants by the IP address assigned to them on the day it alleges the particular defendant 22 engaged in the infringing conduct.”). This Court finds the first standard persuasive. 23 Plaintiff has provided a declaration from Plaintiff’s Enterprise Architect, Jorge Arco, who 24 “ensure[s] that software architecture, systems, networking, and corporate applications are set 25 up for success” and “oversee[s] the VXN Scan infrastructure and work with Strike 3’s legal team 26 to ensure that the VXN Scan and Cross Reference Tool are always running properly.” ECF No. 27 4-2, Declaration of Jorge Arco In Support of Plaintiff’s Application for Leave to Serve 1 the creation and, later on, maintenance of VXN and the Cross Reference Tool which Strike 3 2 both owns and uses to identify the IP addresses used by individuals infringing Plaintiff’s movies 3 via the BitTorrent protocol [and s]ince 2021, [] participated in the maintenance and evolution 4 of VXN and Cross Reference Tool components under the role of Enterprise Architect.” Id. at 5 ¶ 41. Mr. Arco explains that the sixth component of VXN, the PCAP Analyzer, connects with an 6 IP intelligence and online fraud detection tool called “Maxmind Geo IP2” (“Maxmind”), which is 7 used “to determine both the Internet Service Provider that assigned a particular IP address as 8 well as the city and state the IP Address traces to.” Id. at ¶¶ 78-82. Here, after Plaintiff 9 “received infringement data from VXN Scan identifying IP address 76.33.213.0 as infringing its 10 works, the IP address was automatically inputted into Maxmind’s Geolocation Database” and it 11 “determined that the IP address traced to a location in San Diego, California, which is within this 12 Court’s jurisdiction.” ECF No. 4-2, Declaration of Emilie Kennedy In Support of Plaintiff’s 13 Application for Leave to Serve a Third-Party Subpoena Prior to a Rule 26(f) Conference 14 (“Kennedy Decl.”) at 33, ¶¶ 4-5. The Maxmind database also revealed that IP address 15 76.33.213.0 belonged to Spectrum. Id. at Exh. 1. 16 Because Plaintiff has provided the Court with the unique IP address, the date and time 17 of connection, the name of the ISP that provided Internet access for the user of the identified 18 IP address, and used geolocation technology, the Court finds that Plaintiff has made a 19 satisfactory showing that John Doe is a real person or entity behind the alleged infringing 20 conduct who would be subject to suit in federal court and is located in this District. 21 B. Previous Attempts to Locate Defendant 22 Second, Plaintiff must describe all prior attempts it has made to identify the Doe 23 defendant in a good faith effort to locate and serve them. Columbia Ins. Co., 185 F.R.D. at 579. 24 Plaintiff first sought “to correlate Defendant’s IP address to Defendant by searching for 25 Defendant’s IP address on various web search tools, including basic search engines like 26 www.google.com.” ECF No. 4-1 at 14. Plaintiff also has conducted its own independent research 27 and consulted with computer investigators and cyber security consultants. Id. Plaintiff provided 1 Beach County Sheriff’s Department and a Managing Member at Computer Forensics, LLC., who 2 opined that “Defendant’s ISP Spectrum is the only entity that can correlate the IP address to its 3 subscriber and identify Defendant as the person assigned the IP address 76.33.213.0 during the 4 time of the alleged infringement.” ECF No. 4-2, Declaration of Patrick Paige In Support of 5 Plaintiff’s Motion for Leave to Serve Subpoena Prior to a Rule 26(f) Conference (“Paige Decl.”) 6 at ¶¶ 18-19, 21-22, 3, 5, 10, 28. Accordingly, the Court finds that Plaintiff has made a good- 7 faith effort to identify and locate Defendant before filing the instant application. See Strike 3 8 Holdings, LLC v. Doe, 2020 WL 1029011, at *4 (S.D. Cal. Mar. 3, 2020). 9 C. Ability to Withstand a Motion to Dismiss 10 Finally, Plaintiff must establish that its lawsuit can withstand a motion to dismiss. See 11 Columbia Ins. Co., 185 F.R.D. at 579. To prove a claim of claim of copyright infringement, 12 Plaintiff must show (1) ownership of a valid copyright and (2) that the defendant violated the 13 copyright owner’s exclusive rights under the Copyright Act. Cobbler Nevada, LLC v. Gonzalez, 14 901 F.3d 1142, 1147 (2018) (citation and quotation marks omitted)). 15 Plaintiff provides evidence that it is the owner of the copyrighted works at issue. ECF No. 16 4-2, Declaration of Susan B. Stalzer In Support of Plaintiff’s Motion for Leave to Serve Subpoena 17 Prior to a Rule 26(f) Conference (“Stalzer Decl.”) at 28, ¶ 11; Arco Decl. at 4, ¶ 14. Plaintiff also 18 provides evidence that the Doe Defendant using the identified IP address infringed Plaintiff’s 19 copyrighted works by using the BitTorrent File Distribution Network. See generally Arco Decl.; 20 Paige Decl. Accordingly, Plaintiff has alleged facts that could establish the elements 21 of direct copyright infringement and could withstand a motion to dismiss. See Columbia Ins. 22 Co., 185 F.R.D. at 579-80. 23 CONCLUSION 24 Having found good cause, the Court GRANTS Plaintiff’s motion for expedited discovery. 25 For the foregoing reasons, it is hereby ordered that: 26 1. Plaintiff may serve a subpoena pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 45, on Spectrum that 27 seeks only the true name and address of John Doe. Plaintiff may not subpoena additional 1 2 2. Plaintiff may only use the disclosed information for the sole purpose of protecting 3 right in pursuing this litigation; 4 3. Within fourteen (14) calendar days after service of the subpoena, Spectrum must 5 || notify the subscriber that its identity has been subpoenaed by Plaintiff. The subscriber whose 6 ||identity has been subpoenaed shall have thirty (30) calendar days from the date of such notice 7 ||to challenge the disclosure by filing an appropriate pleading with this Court contesting the 8 || subpoena; 9 4. If Spectrum wishes to move to quash the subpoena, it shall do so before the return 10 || date of the subpoena. The return date of the subpoena must allow for at least forty-five (45) 11 || days from service to production. If a motion to quash or other customer challenge is brought, 12 ||Spectrum must preserve the information sought by Plaintiff in the subpoena pending resolution 13 || of such motion or challenge; and 14 5. Plaintiff must serve a copy of this Order with any subpoena obtained and served 15 || pursuant to this Order on Spectrum. Spectrum, in turn, must provide a copy of this Order along 16 || with the required notice to the subscriber whose identity is sought pursuant to this Order. 17 IT IS SO ORDERED. 18 19 ||Dated: 3/9/2026 lobe Mager 20 Hon. Barbara L. Major United States Maqistrate Judde 22 23 24 25 26 27 28