People v. Lopez CA4/1
- Proceeding
- appeal from a judgment
- Trial court
- Superior Court of San Diego County · No. SCN420969
- Trial judge
- Bradley A. Weinreb
- Outcome
- affirmed — Affirmed.
- Area
- criminal
- Panel
- Michele M. Castillo (author), O'Rourke, Truc T. Do
Analysis
The trial court sentenced the defendant to 22 years in prison, selecting the upper term after finding that aggravating factors outweighed mitigating factors, including a PTSD diagnosis. The Court of Appeal affirmed, concluding that the record demonstrated the trial court was aware of and properly applied the low-term presumption under Penal Code section 1170(b)(6).
| Ruling reviewed | Standard | The court | The model |
|---|---|---|---|
Imposition of the upper term sentence under Penal Code section 1170(b)(6)“Just because the trial court failed to cite section 1170(b)(6) does not prove it failed to apply it.” | abuse of discretion | not reached | agree with court The appellate court held that the trial court did not abuse its discretion because the record showed the court considered the PTSD as a mitigating factor and explicitly found that aggravating factors outweighed mitigating ones, satisfying the statutory requirement to impose the low term only if the low term would be contrary to the interests of justice. |
Authorities
- relied: People v. Caparrotta (2024) 103 Cal.App.5th 874 — A trial court is presumed to know of and apply section 1170(b)(6) even if it does not specifically mention the statute on the record.
- relied: People v. Gutierrez (2009) 174 Cal.App.4th 515 — On a silent record, there is a presumption that the trial court is aware of the applicable law and statutory discretion at sentencing.
- relied: People v. Hilburn (2023) 93 Cal.App.5th 189 — Once a sufficient factual basis for aggravating or mitigating circumstances is found, the court enjoys broad discretion in its sentencing determination.
- relied: People v. Moseley (2024) 105 Cal.App.5th 870 — A trial court's sentencing determination is reviewed for abuse of discretion.
- relied: People v. Panozo (2021) 59 Cal.App.5th 825 — Distinguished because it involved statutes (1170.9/1170.91) with express procedural requirements for PTSD determinations that were not met, creating an ambiguous record rather than a silent one.
- relied: People v. Fredrickson (2023) 90 Cal.App.5th 984 — Distinguished because it concerned the threshold inquiry of whether a defendant made a sufficient initial showing of youth as a contributing factor, whereas here the showing was made and the issue was the court's weighing of factors.
The appellate opinion: sound — The opinion is sound because it correctly distinguishes the 'silent record' presumption from the 'ambiguous record' scenario in Panozo, noting that the trial court here explicitly weighed the PTSD as a mitigant against aggravating factors. It properly applies the abuse of discretion standard to the sentencing outcome.
How this analysis was made · dispute it
unusual dispositionThe trial court sentenced Lopez, who pled guilty to attempted murder with firearm, great bodily injury, and gang enhancements, to an aggregate 22 years using the upper term, finding that aggravating factors clearly outweighed mitigating factors including his PTSD diagnosis, without expressly citing Penal Code section 1170(b)(6). The Court of Appeal affirmed, holding that on a silent record it presumed the trial court knew of and applied section 1170(b)(6)'s low-term presumption, distinguishing Panozo and Fredrickson, and declining to reach the ineffective assistance claim.
| Ruling reviewed | Standard | The court | The model |
|---|---|---|---|
Imposition of the upper term (aggregate 22 years) notwithstanding the section 1170(b)(6) low-term presumption based on childhood trauma/PTSD, without expressly citing the statute or making an 'interests of justice' finding“Here, absent evidence to the contrary, we presume the trial court knew of and applied section 1170(b)(6)’s low-term presumption.” | abuse of discretion | correct | agree with court The presumption that a sentencing court knows and applies the governing law on a silent record is well established (Gutierrez; Evid. Code § 664 principles), and the trial court here expressly acknowledged PTSD as 'some mitigant,' weighed it against aggravating factors it found 'clearly outweigh' mitigation, and stated this was 'not a case in which a low term should be selected,' which tracks the substance of section 1170(b)(6)'s override. The distinction from Panozo (statutes with express determination requirements and a court that ignored PTSD entirely) is reasonable, and Caparrotta supports that no magic words about the interests of justice are required. A residual concern is that section 1170(b)(6) imposes a mandatory presumption, not merely a mitigating factor, and the trial court's remarks never mention the presumption or the interests-of-justice prong; the opinion also did not engage the Supreme Court's remand framework in People v. Salazar, though that was arguably unnecessary once no error was found. On balance the reasoning and authorities support the result. |
Claim that defense counsel was ineffective for failing to expressly invoke section 1170(b)(6) at sentencing“Given our disposition of this matter, we need not address the parties’ remaining arguments.” | unclear | not reached | agree with court Because the court concluded the sentencing court was presumed to have known and applied section 1170(b)(6) and did weigh the PTSD mitigation, counsel's failure to cite the statute could not have caused prejudice under Strickland, so declining to reach the claim is defensible, though the opinion does not say this expressly. |
Authorities
- relied: People v. Caparrotta (2024) 103 Cal.App.5th 874 — Summarizes the 2022 amendments to section 1170(b); a trial court that does not expressly mention section 1170(b)(6) is presumed to have known of it, and no express 'interests of justice' statement is required on the record.
- relied: People v. Gutierrez (2009) 174 Cal.App.4th 515 — On a silent record the trial court is presumed to be aware of applicable sentencing law and discretion; error cannot be presumed absent an affirmative showing of misunderstanding.
- relied: People v. Hilburn (2023) 93 Cal.App.5th 189 — Once a factual basis for aggravating or mitigating circumstances is found, the court has broad discretion in its sentencing determination.
- relied: People v. Moseley (2024) 105 Cal.App.5th 870 — Sentencing determinations are reviewed for abuse of discretion.
- relied: People v. Panozo (2021) 59 Cal.App.5th 825 — Distinguished: where sections 1170.9 and 1170.91 expressly required a PTSD determination and the court made none and omitted PTSD from its stated mitigating factors, the record was ambiguous rather than silent and remand was required.
- relied: People v. Fredrickson (2023) 90 Cal.App.5th 984 — Distinguished: addressed the threshold showing needed to trigger the section 1170(b)(6) low-term presumption (youth as a contributing factor), not whether a court that acknowledged the mitigating circumstance properly applied the presumption.
- relied: People v. Garcia (2002) 97 Cal.App.4th 847 — Authorizes resolution of an appeal by memorandum opinion.
- missed: People v. Salazar (2023) 15 Cal.5th 416 — Supreme Court authority on section 1170(b)(6) holding that remand for resentencing is required unless the record clearly indicates the trial court would have imposed the same sentence had it been aware of the low-term presumption; Lopez invoked this 'clearly indicate' standard and the court did not address it, though its no-error finding arguably made the remand standard unnecessary.
The appellate opinion: sound with gaps — The court correctly applied the presumption that a sentencing court knows the law on a silent record, grounded its conclusion in the trial court's express acknowledgment and weighing of PTSD as mitigation, and reasonably distinguished Panozo and Fredrickson with the support of Caparrotta. It did not address the Supreme Court's Salazar remand standard that Lopez's argument invoked, nor squarely confront the fact that section 1170(b)(6) imposes a mandatory presumption with an interests-of-justice prong that the trial court never mentioned, leaving a modest gap in an otherwise defensible analysis.
Opinion
Filed 4/30/25 P. v. Lopez CA4/1 NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION ONE
STATE OF CALIFORNIA
THE PEOPLE, D083906
Plaintiff and Respondent, v. (Super. Ct. No. SCN420969)
MANUEL ANTONIO LOPEZ,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County, Bradley A. Weinreb, Judge. Affirmed. Charles Thomas Anderson, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and Appellant. Rob Bonta, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief Assistant Attorney General, Charles C. Ragland, Assistant Attorney General, Christopher P. Beesley and Warren J. Williams, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent. Manuel Antonio Lopez appeals from a judgment imposing an aggregate sentence of 22 years in prison based on the upper rather than the middle or low term. Resolving this matter by memorandum opinion (see generally People v. Garcia (2002) 97 Cal.App.4th 847), we affirm. I. In 2023, Lopez pled guilty to attempted murder (Pen. Code, §§ 664, 187(a); count 1) and admitted (1) he personally discharged a firearm (§ 12022.5(a)), (2) he personally inflicted great bodily injury (§ 12022.7(a)), and (3) he committed the offense for the benefit of a criminal street gang (§ 186.22(b)(1)). Lopez further admitted his prior convictions were numerous and of increasing seriousness. Prior to sentencing, psychologist Morgan Shaw submitted an evaluation to the court stating Lopez “met the criteria for a diagnosis of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.” (Italics and bolding omitted.) Lopez also filed a motion to strike and a statement in mitigation for the purposes of sentencing. One of the described “circumstances in mitigation” was: “The commission of the current offense is connected to the defendant’s prior victimization or childhood trauma . . . . In a recent evaluation, Mr. Lopez met the criteria for a diagnosis of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder . . . . In addition, he was found to have PTSD based on his childhood years.” (Bolding omitted.) As such, Lopez’s defense counsel argued it had “demonstrated sufficient factors in mitigation to justify imposing the lower range.” In 2024, the court sentenced Lopez to a total prison term of 22 years, using the upper term. At the sentencing hearing, the court found and weighed aggravating factors under rule 4.421 of the California Rules of Court, such as Lopez’s gang-related conduct, prior criminal history, and general tendency toward violence with weapons. As to rule 4.421(a)(1) and (b)(1) through (5), the court concluded, “Those factors are all apparent in this particular case.”
2 The court noted, “While there may be some mitigant that I have before me in terms of PTSD,” “I don’t find that to necessarily be so mitigating on your behalf.” “So I look at all of those factors that I’ve discussed on the record and it is clear that this is not a case in which a low term should be selected.” The court additionally stated, “But I’m looking at the rules of court, aggravating factors and mitigating factors that I have to apply and these aggravating factors clearly outweigh the mitigating factors, which is why the court is selecting the upper nine-year term.” II. Lopez contends the trial court abused its discretion by failing to apply section 1170(b)(6)’s mandatory low-term presumption because the record shows his childhood trauma and PTSD contributed to his offense. He argues remand is required because the record does not clearly indicate he would have received the upper-term sentence had the trial court been aware of the section 1170(b)(6) presumption. Alternatively, Lopez contends defense counsel’s failure to expressly argue the applicability of section 1170(b)(6) rises to the level of ineffective assistance of counsel. In 2022, several amendments to section 1170 went into effect. (Stats. 2021, ch. 695, § 5.3.) “Based on those amendments, a trial court may impose no greater than a middle-term sentence unless it relies on aggravating factors that (with the exception of prior convictions in a certified record) have been found true beyond a reasonable doubt or stipulated to by the defendant.” (People v. Caparrotta (2024) 103 Cal.App.5th 874, 904.) Amended section 1170(b)(6) further provides a sentencing court shall impose the low term if psychological, physical, or childhood trauma was a contributing factor in the commission of the offense, unless the court concludes the aggravating circumstances outweigh the mitigating 3 circumstances and imposing the low term “would be contrary to the interests of justice.” “[I]n light of the presumption on a silent record that the trial court is aware of the applicable law, including statutory discretion at sentencing, we cannot presume error where the record does not establish on its face that the trial court misunderstood the scope of that discretion.” (People v. Gutierrez (2009) 174 Cal.App.4th 515, 527.) “After a sufficient factual basis to support the circumstances in aggravation or mitigation is found, the court enjoys broad discretion in its sentencing determination.” (People v. Hilburn (2023) 93 Cal.App.5th 189, 205.) We review a trial court’s sentencing determination for abuse of discretion. (People v. Moseley (2024) 105 Cal.App.5th 870, 874.) Here, absent evidence to the contrary, we presume the trial court knew of and applied section 1170(b)(6)’s low-term presumption. When the court sentenced Lopez, amended section 1170(b)(6) had been in effect for more than two years. The court referenced and considered Lopez’s PTSD diagnosis as a mitigating factor. It concluded, however, the aggravating factors clearly outweighed the mitigating ones. Just because the trial court failed to cite section 1170(b)(6) does not prove it failed to apply it. (Caparrotta, 103 Cal.App.5th at p. 905 [“[A]lthough the trial court did not specifically mention [section 1170(b)(6)], it is presumed to have known of the provision.”].) And no authority requires the court to state expressly on the record that imposition of the low term “‘would be contrary to the interests of justice’” in order to fulfill its obligations under section 1170(b)(6). (Id. at p. 906, fn. 14.) Lopez analogizes to People v. Panozo (2021) 59 Cal.App.5th 825 and People v. Fredrickson (2023) 90 Cal.App.5th 984 to argue the record here does not affirmatively show the trial court understood and applied 4 section 1170(b)(6), thus requiring us to conclude the trial court erred. But we are not persuaded. The statutes at issue in Panozo were sections 1170.9 and 1170.91. (Panozo, 59 Cal.App.5th at p. 828.) Unlike section 1170(b)(6), these statutes expressly require the court to, “prior to sentencing, make a determination as to whether the defendant . . . may be suffering from” PTSD and, if so, consider that fact in favor of granting probation and as a mitigating factor in sentencing. (Pen. Code, §§ 1170.9(a) & (b), 1170.91(a).) At the sentencing hearing, the court failed to make the required PTSD determination or include the defendant’s PTSD as one of the mitigating factors it expressly referenced on the record. (Panozo, at pp. 837-839.) The court of appeal concluded from these facts that the record was ambiguous, rather than silent, as to the court’s understanding of its obligations under sections 1170.9 and 1170.91 such that a remand for resentencing was appropriate. (Id. at pp. 837, 840- 841.) Here, unlike in Panozo, the record is silent as opposed to ambiguous as to the sentencing court’s apprehension of its sentencing obligations. Unlike in Panozo, the court here found Lopez’s PTSD diagnosis to function as “some mitigant.” We therefore presume the court knew of and applied section 1170(b)(6)’s low-term presumption. Panozo is therefore inapt. Fredrickson at least concerns section 1170(b)(6), but it is distinguishable because the issue was whether the defendant had made a sufficient initial showing that her youth contributed to the commission of the offense to trigger the low-term presumption. (Fredrickson, 90 Cal.App.5th at pp. 991-992.) We agree with Lopez that such an initial showing was made here; accordingly, the relevant issue is whether the record affirmatively demonstrates the court appropriately considered the relevant factor in 5 exercising its sentencing discretion. The record shows the court weighed the mitigating and aggravating circumstances, including Lopez’s PTSD. The court noted Lopez “was diagnosed with PTSD from early childhood trauma” and has “had to deal with being a product of his environment living in a gang-in[f]ested neighborhood.” Because the matter here does not concern the threshold inquiry into what adequately evidences a contributing factor in the commission of an offense for section 1170(b)(6) purposes, Fredrickson does not assist Lopez. The court’s express consideration of Lopez taking responsibility does not disprove it considered his PTSD during sentencing. The court stated, “the only factor that kind of sways me one way is the fact [Lopez] took responsibility after the preliminary hearing in this case.” That statement does not prove the court failed to consider Lopez’s PTSD; it merely proves Lopez’s PTSD did not sway it as his taking responsibility did. The trial court previously concluded PTSD was “some mitigant.” It therefore weighed it as such. But it ultimately concluded “this is not a case in which a low term should be selected.” Whether it was a persuasive mitigating factor and the weight to give it were for the sentencing court to determine. In sum, we conclude on this record that the court was aware of and exercised its sentencing duty under section 1170(b)(6). Its references to PTSD and weighing the mitigating and aggravating circumstances are sufficient to affirmatively show its compliance with the statute. Given our disposition of this matter, we need not address the parties’ remaining arguments.
6 III. We affirm.
CASTILLO, J.
WE CONCUR:
O’ROURKE, Acting P. J.
DO, J.
Cites, in this corpus
- People v. Gutierrez F055925 · 2009-05-28
- People v. Garcia F034831 · 2002-04-17